UBelt documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#ubelt-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--spam', '--eggs', 'foo']
>>> assert ub.argflag('--eggs', argv=argv) is True
>>> assert ub.argflag('--ans', argv=argv) is False
>>> assert ub.argflag('foo', argv=argv) is True
>>> assert ub.argflag(('bar', '--spam'), argv=argv) is True

ubelt.util_cache module¶

This module exposes Cacher and CacheStamp classes, which provide a simple API for on-disk caching.

The Cacher class is the simplest and most direct method of caching. In fact, it only requires four lines of boilerplate, which is the smallest general and robust way that I (Jon Crall) have achieved, and I don’t think its possible to do better. These four lines implement the following necessary and sufficient steps for general robust on-disk caching.

Defining the cache dependencies

Checking if the cache missed

Loading the cache on a hit

Executing the process and saving the result on a miss.

The following example illustrates these four points.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Define a cache name and dependencies (which is fed to `ub.hash_data`)
>>> cacher = ub.Cacher('name', depends='set-of-deps')  # boilerplate:1
>>> # Calling tryload will return your data on a hit and None on a miss
>>> data = cacher.tryload(on_error='clear')            # boilerplate:2
>>> # Check if you need to recompute your data
>>> if data is None:                                   # boilerplate:3
>>>     # Your code to recompute data goes here (this is not boilerplate).
>>>     data = 'mydata'
>>>     # Cache the computation result (via pickle)
>>>     cacher.save(data)                              # boilerplate:4

Surprisingly this uses just as many boilerplate lines as a decorator style cacher, but it is much more extensible. It is possible to use Cacher in more sophisticated ways (e.g. metadata), but the simple in-line use is often easier and cleaner. The following example illustrates this:

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub

>>> @ub.Cacher('name', depends={'dep1': 1, 'dep2': 2})  # boilerplate:1
>>> def func():                                         # boilerplate:2
>>>     data = 'mydata'
>>>     return data                                     # boilerplate:3
>>> data = func()                                       # boilerplate:4

>>> cacher = ub.Cacher('name', depends=['dependencies'])  # boilerplate:1
>>> data = cacher.tryload(on_error='clear')               # boilerplate:2
>>> if data is None:                                      # boilerplate:3
>>>     data = 'mydata'
>>>     cacher.save(data)                                 # boilerplate:4

While the above two are equivalent, the second version provides a simpler traceback, explicit procedures, and makes it easier to use breakpoint debugging (because there is no closure scope).

While Cacher is used to store direct results of in-line code in a pickle format, the CacheStamp object is used to cache processes that produces an on-disk side effects other than the main return value. For instance, consider the following example:

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def compute_many_files(dpath):
...     for i in range(10):
...         fpath = '{}/file{}.txt'.format(dpath, i)
...         with open(fpath, 'w') as file:
...             file.write('foo' + str(i))
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/demo/cache').delete().ensuredir()
>>> # You must specify a directory, unlike in Cacher where it is optional
>>> self = ub.CacheStamp('name', dpath=dpath, depends={'a': 1, 'b': 2})
>>> if self.expired():
>>>     compute_many_files(dpath)
>>>     # Instead of caching the whole processes, we just write a file
>>>     # that signals the process has been done.
>>>     self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()

The CacheStamp is lightweight in that it simply marks that a process has been completed, but the job of saving / loading the actual data is left to the developer. The expired method checks if the stamp exists, and renew writes the stamp to disk.

In ubelt version 1.1.0, several additional features were added to CacheStamp. In addition to specifying parameters via depends, it is also possible for CacheStamp to determine if an associated file has been modified. To do this, the paths of the files must be known a-priori and passed to CacheStamp via the product argument. This will allow the CacheStamp to detect if the files have been modified since the renew method was called. It does this by remembering the size, modified time, and checksum of each file. If the hash of the expected hash of the product is known in advance, it is also possible to specify the expected hash_prefix of each product. In this case, renew will raise an Exception if this specified hash prefix does not match the files on disk. Lastly, it is possible to specify an expiration time via expires, after which the CacheStamp will always be marked as invalid. This is now the mechanism via which the cache in ubelt.util_download.grabdata() works.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/demo/cache').delete().ensuredir()
>>> params = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> expected_fpaths = [dpath / 'file{}.txt'.format(i) for i in range(2)]
>>> hash_prefix = ['a7a8a91659601590e17191301dc1',
...                '55ae75d991c770d8f3ef07cbfde1']
>>> self = ub.CacheStamp('name', dpath=dpath, depends=params,
>>>                      hash_prefix=hash_prefix, hasher='sha256',
>>>                      product=expected_fpaths, expires='2101-01-01T000000Z')
>>> if self.expired():
>>>     for fpath in expected_fpaths:
...         fpath.write_text(fpath.name)
>>>     self.renew()
>>> # modifying or removing the file will cause the stamp to expire
>>> expected_fpaths[0].write_text('corrupted')
>>> assert self.expired()

class ubelt.util_cache.Cacher(fname, depends=None, dpath=None, appname='ubelt', ext='.pkl', meta=None, verbose=None, enabled=True, log=None, hasher='sha1', protocol=- 1, cfgstr=None, backend='auto')[source]¶

Bases: object

Saves data to disk and reloads it based on specified dependencies.

Cacher uses pickle to save/load data to/from disk. Dependencies of the cached process can be specified, which ensures the cached data is recomputed if the dependencies change. If the location of the cache is not specified, it will default to the system user’s cache directory.

Parameters

fname (str) – A file name. This is the prefix that will be used by the cache. It will always be used as-is.
depends (str | List[str] | None) – Indicate dependencies of this cache. If the dependencies change, then the cache is recomputed. New in version 0.8.9, replaces cfgstr.
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – Specifies where to save the cache. If unspecified, Cacher defaults to an application cache dir as given by appname. See ub.get_app_cache_dir() for more details.
appname (str, default=’ubelt’) – Application name Specifies a folder in the application cache directory where to cache the data if dpath is not specified.
ext (str, default=’.pkl’) – File extension for the cache format. Can be '.pkl' or '.json'.
meta (object | None) – Metadata that is also saved with the cfgstr. This can be useful to indicate how the cfgstr was constructed. Note: this is a candidate for deprecation.
verbose (int, default=1) – Level of verbosity. Can be 1, 2 or 3.
enabled (bool, default=True) – If set to False, then the load and save methods will do nothing.
log (Callable[[str], Any]) – Overloads the print function. Useful for sending output to loggers (e.g. logging.info, tqdm.tqdm.write, …)
hasher (str, default=’sha1’) – Type of hashing algorithm to use if cfgstr needs to be condensed to less than 49 characters.
protocol (int, default=-1) – Protocol version used by pickle. Defaults to the -1 which is the latest protocol.
backend (str) – Set to either 'pickle' or 'json' to force backend. Defaults to auto which chooses one based on the extension.
cfgstr (str | None) – Deprecated in favor of depends.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> depends = 'repr-of-params-that-uniquely-determine-the-process'
>>> # Create a cacher and try loading the data
>>> cacher = ub.Cacher('demo_process', depends, verbose=4)
>>> cacher.clear()
>>> print(f'cacher.fpath={cacher.fpath}')
>>> data = cacher.tryload()
>>> if data is None:
>>>     # Put expensive functions in if block when cacher misses
>>>     myvar1 = 'result of expensive process'
>>>     myvar2 = 'another result'
>>>     # Tell the cacher to write at the end of the if block
>>>     # It is idomatic to put results in an object named data
>>>     data = myvar1, myvar2
>>>     cacher.save(data)
>>> # Last part of the Cacher pattern is to unpack the data object
>>> myvar1, myvar2 = data
>>> #
>>> # If we know the data exists, we can also simply call load
>>> data = cacher.tryload()

Example

>>> # The previous example can be shorted if only a single value
>>> from ubelt.util_cache import Cacher
>>> depends = 'repr-of-params-that-uniquely-determine-the-process'
>>> # Create a cacher and try loading the data
>>> cacher = Cacher('demo_process', depends)
>>> myvar = cacher.tryload()
>>> if myvar is None:
>>>     myvar = ('result of expensive process', 'another result')
>>>     cacher.save(myvar)
>>> assert cacher.exists(), 'should now exist'

VERBOSE = 1¶

FORCE_DISABLE = False¶

property fpath¶

get_fpath(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Reports the filepath that the cacher will use.

It will attempt to use ‘{fname}_{cfgstr}{ext}’ unless that is too long. Then cfgstr will be hashed.

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
Returns: str | PathLike

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:pytest)
>>> from ubelt.util_cache import Cacher
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
>>>     cacher = Cacher('test_cacher1')
>>>     cacher.get_fpath()
>>> self = Cacher('test_cacher2', depends='cfg1')
>>> self.get_fpath()
>>> self = Cacher('test_cacher3', depends='cfg1' * 32)
>>> self.get_fpath()

exists(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Check to see if the cache exists

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
Returns: bool

existing_versions()[source]¶

Returns data with different cfgstr values that were previously computed with this cacher.

Yields: str – paths to cached files corresponding to this cacher

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import Cacher
>>> # Ensure that some data exists
>>> known_fpaths = set()
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt',
>>>                                 'test-existing-versions')
>>> ub.delete(dpath)  # start fresh
>>> cacher = Cacher('versioned_data_v2', depends='1', dpath=dpath)
>>> cacher.ensure(lambda: 'data1')
>>> known_fpaths.add(cacher.get_fpath())
>>> cacher = Cacher('versioned_data_v2', depends='2', dpath=dpath)
>>> cacher.ensure(lambda: 'data2')
>>> known_fpaths.add(cacher.get_fpath())
>>> # List previously computed configs for this type
>>> from os.path import basename
>>> cacher = Cacher('versioned_data_v2', depends='2', dpath=dpath)
>>> exist_fpaths = set(cacher.existing_versions())
>>> exist_fnames = list(map(basename, exist_fpaths))
>>> print('exist_fnames = {!r}'.format(exist_fnames))
>>> assert exist_fpaths.issubset(known_fpaths)

clear(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Removes the saved cache and metadata from disk

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr

tryload(cfgstr=None, on_error='raise')[source]¶

Like load, but returns None if the load fails due to a cache miss.

Parameters

cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
on_error (str, default=’raise’) – How to handle non-io errors errors. Either ‘raise’, which re-raises the exception, or ‘clear’ which deletes the cache and returns None.

Returns

the cached data if it exists, otherwise returns None

Return type

None | object

load(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Load the data cached and raise an error if something goes wrong.

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
Returns: the cached data
Return type: object
Raises: IOError - if the data is unable to be loaded. This could be due to – a cache miss or because the cache is disabled.

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import *  # NOQA
>>> # Setting the cacher as enabled=False turns it off
>>> cacher = Cacher('test_disabled_load', '', enabled=True)
>>> cacher.save('data')
>>> assert cacher.load() == 'data'
>>> cacher.enabled = False
>>> assert cacher.tryload() is None

save(data, cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Writes data to path specified by self.fpath.

Metadata containing information about the cache will also be appended to an adjacent file with the .meta suffix.

Parameters

data (object) – arbitrary pickleable object to be cached
cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import *  # NOQA
>>> # Normal functioning
>>> depends = 'long-cfg' * 32
>>> cacher = Cacher('test_enabled_save', depends=depends)
>>> cacher.save('data')
>>> assert exists(cacher.get_fpath()), 'should be enabled'
>>> assert exists(cacher.get_fpath() + '.meta'), 'missing metadata'
>>> # Setting the cacher as enabled=False turns it off
>>> cacher2 = Cacher('test_disabled_save', 'params', enabled=False)
>>> cacher2.save('data')
>>> assert not exists(cacher2.get_fpath()), 'should be disabled'

ensure(func, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Wraps around a function. A cfgstr must be stored in the base cacher.

Parameters

func (Callable) – function that will compute data on cache miss
*args – passed to func
**kwargs – passed to func

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import *  # NOQA
>>> def func():
>>>     return 'expensive result'
>>> fname = 'test_cacher_ensure'
>>> depends = 'func params'
>>> cacher = Cacher(fname, depends=depends)
>>> cacher.clear()
>>> data1 = cacher.ensure(func)
>>> data2 = cacher.ensure(func)
>>> assert data1 == 'expensive result'
>>> assert data1 == data2
>>> cacher.clear()

class ubelt.util_cache.CacheStamp(fname, dpath, cfgstr=None, product=None, hasher='sha1', verbose=None, enabled=True, depends=None, meta=None, hash_prefix=None, expires=None, ext='.pkl')[source]¶

Bases: object

Quickly determine if a file-producing computation has been done.

Check if the computation needs to be redone by calling expired. If the stamp is not expired, the user can expect that the results exist and could be loaded. If the stamp is expired, the computation should be redone. After the result is updated, the calls renew, which writes a “stamp” file to disk that marks that the procedure has been done.

There are several ways to control how a stamp expires. At a bare minimum, removing the stamp file will force expiration. However, in this circumstance CacheStamp only knows that something has been done, but it doesn’t have any information about what was done, so in general this is not sufficient.

To achieve more robust expiration behavior, the user should specify the product argument, which is a list of file paths that are expected to exist whenever the stamp is renewed. When this is specified the CacheStamp will expire if any of these products are deleted, their size changes, their modified timestamp changes, or their hash (i.e. checksum) changes. Note that by setting hasher=None, running and verifying checksums can be disabled.

If the user knows what the hash of the file should be this can be specified to prevent renewal of the stamp unless these match the files on disk. This can be useful for security purposes.

The stamp can also be set to expire at a specified time or after a specified duration using the expires argument.

Parameters

fname (str) – Name of the stamp file
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – Where to store the cached stamp file
product (str | PathLike | Sequence[str | PathLike] | None) – Path or paths that we expect the computation to produce. If specified the hash of the paths are stored.
hasher (str, default=’sha1’) – The type of hasher used to compute the file hash of product. If None, then we assume the file has not been corrupted or changed if the mtime and size are the same. Defaults to sha1.
verbose (bool, default=None) – Passed to internal ubelt.Cacher object
enabled (bool, default=True) – if False, expired always returns True
depends (str | List[str] | None) – Indicate dependencies of this cache. If the dependencies change, then the cache is recomputed. New to CacheStamp in version 0.9.2, replaces cfgstr.
meta (object | None) – Metadata that is also saved with the cfgstr. This can be useful to indicate how the cfgstr was constructed. New to CacheStamp in version 0.9.2. Note: this is a candidate for deprecation.
expires (str | int | datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta | None) – If specified, sets an expiration date for the certificate. This can be an absolute datetime or a timedelta offset. If specified as an int, this is interpreted as a time delta in seconds. If specified as a str, this is interpreted as an absolute timestamp. Time delta offsets are coerced to absolute times at “renew” time.
hash_prefix (None | str | List[str]) – If specified, we verify that these match the hash(s) of the product(s) in the stamp certificate.
ext (str, default=’.pkl’) – File extension for the cache format. Can be '.pkl' or '.json'.
cfgstr (str | None) – DEPRECATED in favor or depends.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Stamp the computation of expensive-to-compute.txt
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/cache-stamp')
>>> dpath.delete().ensuredir()
>>> product = dpath / 'expensive-to-compute.txt'
>>> self = ub.CacheStamp('somedata', depends='someconfig', dpath=dpath,
>>>                      product=product, hasher='sha256')
>>> self.clear()
>>> print(f'self.fpath={self.fpath}')
>>> if self.expired():
>>>     product.write_text('very expensive')
>>>     self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # corrupting the output will cause the stamp to expire
>>> product.write_text('very corrupted')
>>> assert self.expired()

property fpath¶

clear()[source]¶: Delete the stamp (the products are untouched)

expired(cfgstr=None, product=None)[source]¶

Check to see if a previously existing stamp is still valid, if the expected result of that computation still exists, and if all other expiration criteria are met.

Parameters

cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr. DEPRECATED do not use.
product (str | PathLike | Sequence[str | PathLike] | None) – override the default product if specified. DEPRECATED do not use.

Returns

True(-thy) if the stamp is invalid, expired, or does not exist. When the stamp is expired, the reason for expiration is returned as a string. If the stamp is still valid, False is returned.

Return type

bool | str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import time
>>> import os
>>> # Stamp the computation of expensive-to-compute.txt
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/cache-stamp-expired')
>>> dpath.delete().ensuredir()
>>> products = [
>>>     dpath / 'product1.txt',
>>>     dpath / 'product2.txt',
>>> ]
>>> self = ub.CacheStamp('myname', depends='myconfig', dpath=dpath,
>>>                      product=products, hasher='sha256',
>>>                      expires=0)
>>> if self.expired():
>>>     for fpath in products:
>>>         fpath.write_text(fpath.name)
>>>     self.renew()
>>> fpath = products[0]
>>> # Because we set the expiration delta to 0, we should already be expired
>>> assert self.expired() == 'expired_cert'
>>> # Disable the expiration date, renew and we should be ok
>>> self.expires = None
>>> self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # Modify the mtime to cause expiration
>>> orig_atime = fpath.stat().st_atime
>>> orig_mtime = fpath.stat().st_mtime
>>> os.utime(fpath, (orig_atime, orig_mtime + 200))
>>> assert self.expired() == 'mtime_diff'
>>> self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # rewriting the file will cause the size constraint to fail
>>> # even if we hack the mtime to be the same
>>> orig_atime = fpath.stat().st_atime
>>> orig_mtime = fpath.stat().st_mtime
>>> fpath.write_text('corrupted')
>>> os.utime(fpath, (orig_atime, orig_mtime))
>>> assert self.expired() == 'size_diff'
>>> self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # Force a situation where the hash is the only thing
>>> # that saves us, write a different file with the same
>>> # size and mtime.
>>> orig_atime = fpath.stat().st_atime
>>> orig_mtime = fpath.stat().st_mtime
>>> fpath.write_text('corrApted')
>>> os.utime(fpath, (orig_atime, orig_mtime))
>>> assert self.expired() == 'hash_diff'
>>> # Test what a wrong hash prefix causes expiration
>>> certificate = self.renew()
>>> self.hash_prefix = certificate['hash']
>>> self.expired()
>>> self.hash_prefix = ['bad', 'hashes']
>>> self.expired()
>>> # A bad hash will not allow us to renew
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
...     self.renew()

renew(cfgstr=None, product=None)[source]¶

Recertify that the product has been recomputed by writing a new certificate to disk.

Returns: certificate information
Return type: dict

ubelt.util_cmd module¶

This module exposes the ubelt.cmd() command, which provides a simple means for interacting with the commandline. This uses subprocess.Popen under the hood, but improves upon existing subprocess functionality by:

(1) Adding the option to “tee” the output, i.e. simultaniously capture and write to stdout and stderr.

(2) Always specify the command as a string. The subprocess module expects the command as either a List[str] if shell=False and str if shell=True. If necessary, ubelt.util_cmd.cmd() will automatically convert from one format to the other, so passing in either case will work.

(3) Specificy if the process blocks or not by setting detach. Note: when detach is True it is not possible to tee the output.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Running with verbose=1 will write to stdout in real time
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo "write your command naturally"', verbose=1)
write your command naturally
>>> # Unless `detach=True`, `cmd` always returns an info dict.
>>> print('info = ' + ub.repr2(info))
info = {
    'command': 'echo "write your command naturally"',
    'cwd': None,
    'err': '',
    'out': 'write your command naturally\n',
    'proc': <...Popen...>,
    'ret': 0,
}

ubelt.util_cmd.cmd(command, shell=False, detach=False, verbose=0, tee=None, cwd=None, env=None, tee_backend='auto', check=False, system=False, timeout=None)[source]¶

Executes a command in a subprocess.

The advantage of this wrapper around subprocess is that (1) you control if the subprocess prints to stdout, (2) the text written to stdout and stderr is returned for parsing, (3) cross platform behavior that lets you specify the command as a string or tuple regardless of whether or not shell=True. (4) ability to detach, return the process object and allow the process to run in the background (eventually we may return a Future object instead).

Parameters

command (str | List[str]) – bash-like command string or tuple of executable and args
shell (bool, default=False) – if True, process is run in shell.
detach (bool, default=False) – if True, process is detached and run in background.
verbose (int, default=0) – verbosity mode. Can be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
tee (bool | None) – if True, simultaneously writes to stdout while capturing output from the command. If not specified, defaults to True if verbose > 0. If detach is True, then this argument is ignored.
cwd (str | PathLike | None) – Path to run command. Defaults to current working directory if unspecified.
env (Dict[str, str] | None) – environment passed to Popen
tee_backend (str, default=’auto’) – backend for tee output. Valid choices are: “auto”, “select” (POSIX only), and “thread”.
check (bool, default=False) – if True, check that the return code was zero before returning, otherwise raise a CalledProcessError. Does nothing if detach is True.
system (bool, default=False) – if True, most other considerations are dropped, and os.system() is used to execute the command in a platform dependant way. Other arguments such as env, tee, timeout, and shell are all ignored. (new in version 1.1.0)
timeout (float) – If the process does not complete in timeout seconds, raises a subprocess.TimeoutExpired. (new in version 1.1.0)

Returns

info - information about command status. if detach is False info contains captured standard out, standard error, and the return code if detach is False info contains a reference to the process.

Return type

dict

Note

Inputs can either be text or tuple based. On UNIX we ensure conversion to text if shell=True, and to tuple if shell=False. On windows, the input is always text based. See [SO_33560364] for a potential cross-platform shlex solution for windows.

When using the tee output, the stdout and stderr may be shuffled from what they would be on the command line.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_cmd cmd:6
python -c "import ubelt as ub; ub.cmd('ping localhost -c 2', verbose=2)"
pytest "$(python -c 'import ubelt; print(ubelt.util_cmd.__file__)')" -sv --xdoctest-verbose 2

References

SO_11495783: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11495783/redirect-subprocess-stderr-to-stdout
SO_7729336: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7729336/how-can-i-print-and-display-subprocess-stdout-and-stderr-output-without-distorti
SO_33560364: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33560364/python-windows-parsing-command-lines-with-shlex

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'simple cmdline interface'), verbose=1)
simple cmdline interface
>>> assert info['ret'] == 0
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'simple cmdline interface'
>>> assert info['err'].strip() == ''

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo str noshell', verbose=0)
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'str noshell'

Example

>>> # windows echo will output extra single quotes
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'tuple noshell'), verbose=0)
>>> assert info['out'].strip().strip("'") == 'tuple noshell'

Example

>>> # Note this command is formatted to work on win32 and unix
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo str&&echo shell', verbose=0, shell=True)
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'str' + chr(10) + 'shell'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'tuple shell'), verbose=0, shell=True)
>>> assert info['out'].strip().strip("'") == 'tuple shell'

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo hi', check=True)
>>> import subprocess
>>> with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
>>>     ub.cmd('exit 1', check=True, shell=True)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join, exists
>>> fpath1 = join(ub.get_app_cache_dir('ubelt'), 'cmdout1.txt')
>>> fpath2 = join(ub.get_app_cache_dir('ubelt'), 'cmdout2.txt')
>>> ub.delete(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(fpath2)
>>> # Start up two processes that run simultaneously in the background
>>> info1 = ub.cmd(('touch', fpath1), detach=True)
>>> info2 = ub.cmd('echo writing2 > ' + fpath2, shell=True, detach=True)
>>> # Detached processes are running in the background
>>> # We can run other code while we wait for them.
>>> while not exists(fpath1):
...     pass
>>> while not exists(fpath2):
...     pass
>>> # communicate with the process before you finish
>>> # (otherwise you may leak a text wrapper)
>>> info1['proc'].communicate()
>>> info2['proc'].communicate()
>>> # Check that the process actually did finish
>>> assert (info1['proc'].wait()) == 0
>>> assert (info2['proc'].wait()) == 0
>>> # Check that the process did what we expect
>>> assert ub.readfrom(fpath1) == ''
>>> assert ub.readfrom(fpath2).strip() == 'writing2'

Example

>>> # Can also use ub.cmd to call os.system
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import subprocess
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo hi', check=True, system=True)
>>> with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
>>>     ub.cmd('exit 1', check=True, shell=True)

ubelt.util_colors module¶

This module defines simple functions to color your text and highlight your code using ANSI escape sequences. This works using the Pygments library, which is an optional requirement. Therefore, these functions only work properly if Pygments is installed, otherwise these functions will return the unmodified text and a warning will be printed.

The highlight_code() function uses pygments to highlight syntax of a programming language.

The color_text() function colors text with a solid color.

Note the functions in this module require the optional pygments library to work correctly. These functions will warn if pygments is not installed.

This module contains a global variable NO_COLOR, which if set to True will force all ANSI text coloring functions to become no-ops. This defaults to the value of the bool(os.environ.get('NO_COLOR')) flag, which is compliant with [NoColor].

References

NoColor: https://no-color.org/

Note

In the future we may rename this module to util_ansi.

Requirements:: pip install pygments

ubelt.util_colors.highlight_code(text, lexer_name='python', **kwargs)[source]¶

Highlights a block of text using ANSI tags based on language syntax.

Parameters

text (str) – plain text to highlight
lexer_name (str) – name of language. eg: python, docker, c++
**kwargs – passed to pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name

Returns

text - highlighted text If pygments is not installed, the plain text is returned.

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> text = 'import ubelt as ub; print(ub)'
>>> new_text = ub.highlight_code(text)
>>> print(new_text)

ubelt.util_colors.color_text(text, color)[source]¶

Colorizes text a single color using ansi tags.

Parameters

text (str) – text to colorize
color (str) – color code. different systems may have different colors. commonly available colors are: ‘red’, ‘brown’, ‘yellow’, ‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘black’, and ‘white’.

Returns

text - colorized text. If pygments is not installed plain text is returned.

Return type

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38987/merge-two-dict

Example

>>> text = 'raw text'
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> if ub.modname_to_modpath('pygments'):
>>>     # Colors text only if pygments is installed
>>>     ansi_text = ub.ensure_unicode(color_text(text, 'red'))
>>>     prefix = ub.ensure_unicode('\x1b[31')
>>>     print('prefix = {!r}'.format(prefix))
>>>     print('ansi_text = {!r}'.format(ansi_text))
>>>     assert ansi_text.startswith(prefix)
>>>     assert color_text(text, None) == 'raw text'
>>> else:
>>>     # Otherwise text passes through unchanged
>>>     assert color_text(text, 'red') == 'raw text'
>>>     assert color_text(text, None) == 'raw text'

ubelt.util_const module¶

This module defines ub.NoParam. This is a robust sentinel value that can act like None when None might be a valid value. The value of NoParam is robust to reloading, pickling, and copying (i.e. var is ub.NoParam will return True after these operations).

Use cases that demonstrate the value of NoParam can be found in ubelt.util_dict, where it simplifies the implementation of methods that behave like dict.get().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def func(a=ub.NoParam):
>>>     if a is ub.NoParam:
>>>         print('no param specified')
>>>     else:
>>>         print('a = {}'.format(a))
>>> func()
no param specified
>>> func(a=None)
a = None
>>> func(a=1)
a = 1
>>> # note: typically it is bad practice to use NoParam as an actual
>>> # (non-default) parameter. It goes against the sprit of the idea.
>>> func(a=ub.NoParam)
no param specified

ubelt.util_dict module¶

Functions for working with dictionaries.

The dict_hist() function counts the number of discrete occurrences of hashable items. Similarly find_duplicates() looks for indices of items that occur more than k=1 times.

The map_keys() and map_vals() functions are useful for transforming the keys and values of a dictionary with less syntax than a dict comprehension.

The dict_union(), dict_isect(), and dict_diff() functions are similar to the set equivalents.

The dzip() function zips two iterables and packs them into a dictionary where the first iterable is used to generate keys and the second generates values.

The group_items() function takes two lists and returns a dict mapping values in the second list to all items in corresponding locations in the first list.

The invert_dict() function swaps keys and values. See the function docs for details on dealing with unique and non-unique values.

The ddict() and odict() functions are alias for the commonly used collections.defaultdict() and collections.OrderedDict() classes.

class ubelt.util_dict.AutoDict[source]¶

Bases: dict

An infinitely nested default dict of dicts.

Implementation of Perl’s autovivification feature.

SeeAlso:: AutoOrderedDict - the ordered version

References

SO_651794: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/651794/init-dict-of-dicts

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> auto = ub.AutoDict()
>>> auto[0][10][100] = None
>>> assert str(auto) == '{0: {10: {100: None}}}'

to_dict()[source]¶

Recursively casts a AutoDict into a regular dictionary. All nested AutoDict values are also converted.

Returns: a copy of this dict without autovivification
Return type: dict

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_dict import AutoDict
>>> auto = AutoDict()
>>> auto[1] = 1
>>> auto['n1'] = AutoDict()
>>> static = auto.to_dict()
>>> assert not isinstance(static, AutoDict)
>>> assert not isinstance(static['n1'], AutoDict)

class ubelt.util_dict.AutoOrderedDict[source]¶

Bases: collections.OrderedDict, ubelt.util_dict.AutoDict

An infinitely nested default dict of dicts that maintains the ordering of items.

SeeAlso:: AutoDict - the unordered version of this class

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> auto = ub.AutoOrderedDict()
>>> auto[0][3] = 3
>>> auto[0][2] = 2
>>> auto[0][1] = 1
>>> assert list(auto[0].values()) == [3, 2, 1]

ubelt.util_dict.dzip(items1, items2, cls=<class 'dict'>)[source]¶

Zips elementwise pairs between items1 and items2 into a dictionary.

Values from items2 can be broadcast onto items1.

Parameters

items1 (Iterable[KT]) – full sequence
items2 (Iterable[VT]) – can either be a sequence of one item or a sequence of equal length to items1
cls (Type[dict], default=dict) – dictionary type to use.

Returns

similar to dict(zip(items1, items2)).

Return type

Dict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.dzip([1, 2, 3], [4]) == {1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4}
>>> assert ub.dzip([1, 2, 3], [4, 4, 4]) == {1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4}
>>> assert ub.dzip([], [4]) == {}

ubelt.util_dict.ddict¶: alias of collections.defaultdict

ubelt.util_dict.dict_hist(items, weights=None, ordered=False, labels=None)[source]¶

Builds a histogram of items, counting the number of time each item appears in the input.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – hashable items (usually containing duplicates)
weights (Iterable[float], default=None) – Corresponding weights for each item.
ordered (bool, default=False) – If True the result is ordered by frequency.
labels (Iterable[T], default=None) – Expected labels. Allows this function to pre-initialize the histogram. If specified the frequency of each label is initialized to zero and items can only contain items specified in labels.

Returns

dictionary where the keys are unique elements from items, and the values are the number of times the item appears in items.

Return type

dict[T, int]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 39, 900, 1232, 900, 1232, 2, 2, 2, 900]
>>> hist = ub.dict_hist(items)
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 3, 1232: 2}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 39, 900, 1232, 900, 1232, 2, 2, 2, 900]
>>> hist1 = ub.dict_hist(items)
>>> hist2 = ub.dict_hist(items, ordered=True)
>>> try:
>>>     hist3 = ub.dict_hist(items, labels=[])
>>> except KeyError:
>>>     pass
>>> else:
>>>     raise AssertionError('expected key error')
>>> weights = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]
>>> hist4 = ub.dict_hist(items, weights=weights)
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist1, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 3, 1232: 2}
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist4, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 1, 1232: 0}

ubelt.util_dict.dict_subset(dict_, keys, default=NoParam, cls=<class 'collections.OrderedDict'>)[source]¶

Get a subset of a dictionary

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – superset dictionary
keys (Iterable[KT]) – keys to take from dict_
default (Optional[object] | util_const._NoParamType) – if specified uses default if keys are missing.
cls (Type[Dict], default=OrderedDict) – type of the returned dictionary.

Returns

subset dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, VT]

SeeAlso:: dict_isect() - similar functionality, but ignores missing keys

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'K': 3, 'dcvs_clip_max': 0.2, 'p': 0.1}
>>> keys = ['K', 'dcvs_clip_max']
>>> subdict_ = ub.dict_subset(dict_, keys)
>>> print(ub.repr2(subdict_, nl=0))
{'K': 3, 'dcvs_clip_max': 0.2}

ubelt.util_dict.dict_union(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.union

Combines items with from multiple dictionaries. For items with intersecting keys, dictionaries towards the end of the sequence are given precedence.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict]) – A sequence of dictionaries. Values are taken from the last
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict | OrderedDict

Notes

In Python 3.8+, the bitwise or operator “|” operator performs a similar operation, but as of 2022-06-01 there is still no public method for dictionary union (or any other dictionary set operator).

References

SeeAlso:: collections.ChainMap() - a standard python builtin data structure that provides a view that treats multiple dicts as a single dict. https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#chainmap-objects

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> result = ub.dict_union({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 2})
>>> assert result == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 2}
>>> ub.dict_union(
>>>     ub.odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]),
>>>     ub.odict([('c', 3), ('d', 4)]))
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)])
>>> ub.dict_union()
{}

ubelt.util_dict.dict_isect(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.intersection()

Constructs a dictionary that contains keys common between all inputs. The returned values will only belong to the first dictionary.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict[KT, VT] | Iterable[KT]]) – A sequence of dictionaries (or sets of keys). The first argument should always be a dictionary, but the subsequent arguments can just be sets of keys.
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict[KT, VT] | OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Note

This function can be used as an alternative to dict_subset() where any key not in the dictionary is ignored. See the following example:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> ub.dict_isect({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, ['a', 'c', 'd'])
{'a': 1, 'c': 3}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.dict_isect({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 2})
{'b': 1}
>>> ub.dict_isect(odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]), odict([('c', 3)]))
OrderedDict()
>>> ub.dict_isect()
{}

ubelt.util_dict.dict_diff(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.difference()

Constructs a dictionary that contains any of the keys in the first arg, which are not in any of the following args.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict[KT, VT] | Iterable[KT]]) – A sequence of dictionaries (or sets of keys). The first argument should always be a dictionary, but the subsequent arguments can just be sets of keys.
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict[KT, VT] | OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Todo

[ ] Add inplace keyword argument, which modifies the first dictionary inplace.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.dict_diff({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'a'}, {'c'})
{'b': 1}
>>> ub.dict_diff(odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]), odict([('c', 3)]))
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])
>>> ub.dict_diff()
{}
>>> ub.dict_diff({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'c'})

ubelt.util_dict.find_duplicates(items, k=2, key=None)[source]¶

Find all duplicate items in a list.

Search for all items that appear more than k times and return a mapping from each (k)-duplicate item to the positions it appeared in.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – hashable items possibly containing duplicates
k (int, default=2) – only return items that appear at least k times.
key (Callable[[T], Any], default=None) – Returns indices where key(items[i]) maps to a particular value at least k times.

Returns

maps each duplicate item to the indices at which it appears

Return type

dict[T, List[int]]

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.duplicates_everseen(), more_itertools.duplicates_justseen().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 12, 2, 9]
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items)
>>> # Duplicates are a mapping from each item that occurs 2 or more
>>> # times to the indices at which they occur.
>>> assert duplicates == {0: [0, 1, 6], 2: [3, 8], 3: [4, 5]}
>>> # You can set k=3 if you want to don't mind duplicates but you
>>> # want to find triplicates or quadruplets etc.
>>> assert ub.find_duplicates(items, k=3) == {0: [0, 1, 6]}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 12, 2, 9]
>>> # note: k can less then 2
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items, k=0)
>>> print(ub.repr2(duplicates, nl=0))
{0: [0, 1, 6], 1: [2], 2: [3, 8], 3: [4, 5], 9: [9], 12: [7]}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items, key=lambda x: x // 2)
>>> print(ub.repr2(duplicates, nl=0))
{5: [0, 1], 6: [2, 3], 7: [4, 5]}

ubelt.util_dict.group_items(items, key)[source]¶

Groups a list of items by group id.

Parameters

items (Iterable[VT]) – a list of items to group
key (Iterable[KT] | Callable[[VT], KT]) – either a corresponding list of group-ids for each item or a function used to map each item to a group-id.

Returns

a mapping from each group id to the list of corresponding items

Return type

dict[KT, List[VT]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items    = ['ham',     'jam',   'spam',     'eggs',    'cheese', 'banana']
>>> groupids = ['protein', 'fruit', 'protein',  'protein', 'dairy',  'fruit']
>>> id_to_items = ub.group_items(items, groupids)
>>> print(ub.repr2(id_to_items, nl=0))
{'dairy': ['cheese'], 'fruit': ['jam', 'banana'], 'protein': ['ham', 'spam', 'eggs']}

ubelt.util_dict.invert_dict(dict_, unique_vals=True)[source]¶

Swaps the keys and values in a dictionary.

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to invert
unique_vals (bool, default=True) – if False, the values of the new dictionary are sets of the original keys.

Returns

the inverted dictionary

Return type

Dict[VT, KT] | Dict[VT, Set[KT]]

Note

The must values be hashable.

If the original dictionary contains duplicate values, then only one of the corresponding keys will be returned and the others will be discarded. This can be prevented by setting unique_vals=False, causing the inverted keys to be returned in a set.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_)
>>> assert inverted == {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = ub.odict([(2, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (0, 'c'), (None, 'd')])
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_)
>>> assert list(inverted.keys())[0] == 'a'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 1, 'b': 0, 'c': 0, 'd': 0, 'f': 2}
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_, unique_vals=False)
>>> assert inverted == {0: {'b', 'c', 'd'}, 1: {'a'}, 2: {'f'}}

ubelt.util_dict.map_keys(func, dict_)[source]¶

Apply a function to every key in a dictionary.

Creates a new dictionary with the same values and modified keys. An error is raised if the new keys are not unique.

Parameters

func (Callable[[KT], T] | Mapping[KT, T]) – a function or indexable object
dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary

Returns

transformed dictionary

Return type

Dict[T, VT]

Raises

Exception – if multiple keys map to the same value

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}
>>> func = ord
>>> newdict = ub.map_keys(func, dict_)
>>> print(newdict)
>>> assert newdict == {97: [1, 2, 3], 98: []}
>>> dict_ = {0: [1, 2, 3], 1: []}
>>> func = ['a', 'b']
>>> newdict = ub.map_keys(func, dict_)
>>> print(newdict)
>>> assert newdict == {'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}

ubelt.util_dict.map_vals(func, dict_)[source]¶

Apply a function to every value in a dictionary.

Creates a new dictionary with the same keys and modified values.

Parameters

func (Callable[[VT], T] | Mapping[VT, T]) – a function or indexable object
dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary

Returns

transformed dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, T]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}
>>> newdict = ub.map_vals(len, dict_)
>>> assert newdict ==  {'a': 3, 'b': 0}

Example

>>> # Can also use an indexable as ``func``
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 0, 'b': 1}
>>> func = [42, 21]
>>> newdict = ub.map_vals(func, dict_)
>>> assert newdict ==  {'a': 42, 'b': 21}
>>> print(newdict)

ubelt.util_dict.sorted_keys(dict_, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Return an ordered dictionary sorted by its keys

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to sort. The keys must be of comparable types.
key (Callable[[KT], Any] | None) – If given as a callable, customizes the sorting by ordering using transformed keys.
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

new dictionary where the keys are ordered

Return type

OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.20, 'jam': 2.92}
>>> newdict = sorted_keys(dict_)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'eggs': 1.2, 'jam': 2.92, 'spam': 2.62}
>>> newdict = sorted_keys(dict_, reverse=True)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'spam': 2.62, 'jam': 2.92, 'eggs': 1.2}
>>> newdict = sorted_keys(dict_, key=lambda x: sum(map(ord, x)))
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'jam': 2.92, 'eggs': 1.2, 'spam': 2.62}

ubelt.util_dict.sorted_vals(dict_, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Return an ordered dictionary sorted by its values

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to sort. The values must be of comparable types.
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None) – If given as a callable, customizes the sorting by ordering using transformed values.
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

new dictionary where the values are ordered

Return type

OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.20, 'jam': 2.92}
>>> newdict = sorted_vals(dict_)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'eggs': 1.2, 'spam': 2.62, 'jam': 2.92}
>>> newdict = sorted_vals(dict_, reverse=True)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'jam': 2.92, 'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.2}
>>> newdict = sorted_vals(dict_, key=lambda x: x % 1.6)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.2, 'jam': 2.92}

ubelt.util_dict.odict¶: alias of collections.OrderedDict

ubelt.util_dict.named_product(_=None, **basis)[source]¶

Generates the Cartesian product of the basis.values(), where each generated item labeled by basis.keys().

In other words, given a dictionary that maps each “axes” (i.e. some variable) to its “basis” (i.e. the possible values that it can take), generate all possible points in that grid (i.e. unique assignments of variables to values).

Parameters

_ (Dict[str, List[VT]] | None, default=None) – Use of this positional argument is not recommend. Instead specify all arguments as keyword args.

If specified, this should be a dictionary is unioned with the keyword args. This exists to support ordered dictionaries before Python 3.6, and may eventually be removed.
basis (Dict[str, List[VT]]) – A dictionary where the keys correspond to “columns” and the values are a list of possible values that “column” can take.

I.E. each key corresponds to an “axes”, the values are the list of possible values for that “axes”.

Yields

Dict[str, VT] – a “row” in the “longform” data containing a point in the Cartesian product.

Note

This function is similar to itertools.product(), the only difference is that the generated items are a dictionary that retains the input keys instead of an tuple.

This function used to be called “basis_product”, but “named_product” might be more appropriate. This function exists in other places ([minstrel271_namedproduct], [pytb_namedproduct], and [Hettinger_namedproduct]).

References

minstrel271_namedproduct: https://gist.github.com/minstrel271/d51654af3fa4e6411267
pytb_namedproduct: https://py-toolbox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/itertools.html#
Hettinger_namedproduct: https://twitter.com/raymondh/status/970380630822305792

Example

>>> # An example use case is looping over all possible settings in a
>>> # configuration dictionary for a grid search over parameters.
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> basis = {
>>>     'arg1': [1, 2, 3],
>>>     'arg2': ['A1', 'B1'],
>>>     'arg3': [9999, 'Z2'],
>>>     'arg4': ['always'],
>>> }
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # sort input data for older python versions
>>> basis = ub.odict(sorted(basis.items()))
>>> got = list(ub.named_product(basis))
>>> print(ub.repr2(got, nl=-1))
[
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'}
]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> list(ub.named_product(a=[1, 2, 3]))
[{'a': 1}, {'a': 2}, {'a': 3}]
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> list(ub.named_product(a=[1, 2, 3], b=[4, 5]))
[{'a': 1, 'b': 4},
 {'a': 1, 'b': 5},
 {'a': 2, 'b': 4},
 {'a': 2, 'b': 5},
 {'a': 3, 'b': 4},
 {'a': 3, 'b': 5}]

ubelt.util_dict.varied_values(longform, min_variations=0, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Given a list of dictionaries, find the values that differ between them.

Parameters

longform (List[Dict[KT, VT]]) – This is longform data, as described in [SeabornLongform]. It is a list of dictionaries.

Each item in the list - or row - is a dictionary and can be thought of as an observation. The keys in each dictionary are the columns. The values of the dictionary must be hashable. Lists will be converted into tuples.
min_variations (int, default=0) – “columns” with fewer than min_variations unique values are removed from the result.
default (VT, default=NoParam) – if specified, unspecified columns are given this value.

Returns

a mapping from each “column” to the set of unique values it took over each “row”. If a column is not specified for each row, it is assumed to take a default value, if it is specified.

Return type

Dict[KT, List[VT]]

Raises

KeyError – If default is unspecified and all the rows do not contain the same columns.

References

SeabornLongform: https://seaborn.pydata.org/tutorial/data_structure.html#long-form-data

Example

>>> # An example use case is to determine what values of a
>>> # configuration dictionary were tried in a random search
>>> # over a parameter grid.
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> longform = [
>>>     {'col1': 1, 'col2': 'foo', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 1, 'col2': 'foo', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 2, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 3, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 9, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 1, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>> ]
>>> varied = ub.varied_values(longform)
>>> print('varied = {}'.format(ub.repr2(varied, nl=1)))
varied = {
    'col1': {1, 2, 3, 9},
    'col2': {'bar', 'foo'},
    'col3': {None},
}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import random
>>> longform = [
>>>     {'col1': 1, 'col2': 'foo', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 1, 'col2': [1, 2], 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 2, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 3, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 9, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None},
>>>     {'col1': 1, 'col2': 'bar', 'col3': None, 'extra_col': 3},
>>> ]
>>> # Operation fails without a default
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(KeyError):
>>>     varied = ub.varied_values(longform)
>>> #
>>> # Operation works with a default
>>> varied = ub.varied_values(longform, default='<unset>')
>>> expected = {
>>>     'col1': {1, 2, 3, 9},
>>>     'col2': {'bar', 'foo', (1, 2)},
>>>     'col3': set([None]),
>>>     'extra_col': {'<unset>', 3},
>>> }
>>> print('varied = {!r}'.format(varied))
>>> assert varied == expected

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(PY3)
>>> # Random numbers are different in Python2, so skip in that case
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import random
>>> num_cols = 11
>>> num_rows = 17
>>> rng = random.Random(0)
>>> # Generate a set of columns
>>> columns = sorted(ub.hash_data(i)[0:8] for i in range(num_cols))
>>> # Generate rows for each column
>>> longform = [
>>>     {key: ub.hash_data(key)[0:8] for key in columns}
>>>     for _ in range(num_rows)
>>> ]
>>> # Add in some varied values in random positions
>>> for row in longform:
>>>     if rng.random() > 0.5:
>>>         for key in sorted(row.keys()):
>>>             if rng.random() > 0.95:
>>>                 row[key] = 'special-' + str(rng.randint(1, 32))
>>> varied = ub.varied_values(longform, min_variations=1)
>>> print('varied = {}'.format(ub.repr2(varied, nl=1, sort=True)))
varied = {
    '095f3e44': {'8fb4d4c9', 'special-23'},
    '365d11a1': {'daa409da', 'special-31', 'special-32'},
    '5815087d': {'1b823610', 'special-3'},
    '7b54b668': {'349a782c', 'special-10'},
    'b8244d02': {'d57bca90', 'special-8'},
    'f27b5bf8': {'fa0f90d1', 'special-19'},
}

ubelt.util_download module¶

Helpers for downloading data

The download() function access the network and requests the content at a specific url using urllib or urllib2. You can either specify where the data goes or download it to the default location in ubelt cache. Either way this function returns the location of the downloaded data. You can also specify the expected hash in order to check the validity of the data. By default downloading is verbose.

The grabdata() function is almost identitcal to download(), but it checks if the data already exists in the download location, and only downloads if it needs to.

ubelt.util_download.download(url, fpath=None, dpath=None, fname=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha512', chunksize=8192, verbose=1, timeout=NoParam, progkw=None)[source]¶

Downloads a url to a file on disk.

If unspecified the location and name of the file is chosen automatically. A hash_prefix can be specified to verify the integrity of the downloaded data. This function will download the data every time its called. For cached downloading see grabdata.

Parameters

url (str) – The url to download.
fpath (Optional[str | PathLike | io.BytesIO]) – The path to download to. Defaults to basename of url and ubelt’s application cache. If this is a io.BytesIO object then information is directly written to this object (note this prevents the use of temporary files).
dpath (Optional[PathLike]) – where to download the file. If unspecified appname is used to determine this. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
fname (Optional[str]) – What to name the downloaded file. Defaults to the url basename. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
hash_prefix (None | str) – If specified, download will retry / error if the file hash does not match this value. Defaults to None.
hasher (str | Hasher) – If hash_prefix is specified, this indicates the hashing algorithm to apply to the file. Defaults to sha512.
chunksize (int, default=2 * 13*) – Download chunksize.
verbose (int, default=1) – Verbosity level 0 or 1.
timeout (float, default=NoParam) – Specify timeout in seconds for urllib.request.urlopen(). (if not specified, the global default timeout setting will be used) This only works for HTTP, HTTPS and FTP connections for blocking operations like the connection attempt.
progkw (Dict | None) – if specified provides extra arguments to the progress iterator. See ubelt.progiter.ProgIter for available options.

Returns

fpath - path to the downloaded file.

Return type

str | PathLike

Raises

URLError - if there is problem downloading the url –
RuntimeError - if the hash does not match the hash_prefix –

Note

Based largely on code in pytorch [TorchDL] with modifications influenced by other resources [Shichao_2012] [SO_15644964] [SO_16694907].

References

Shichao_2012: https://blog.shichao.io/2012/10/04/progress_speed_indicator_for_urlretrieve_in_python.html
SO_15644964: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15644964/python-progress-bar-and-downloads
SO_16694907: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16694907/how-to-download-large-file-in-python-with-requests-py
TorchDL: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/2787f1d8edbd4aadd4a8680d204341a1d7112e2d/torch/hub.py#L347

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> from ubelt.util_download import *  # NOQA
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = download(url)
>>> print(basename(fpath))
rqwaDag.png

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import io
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> file = io.BytesIO()
>>> fpath = ub.download(url, file)
>>> file.seek(0)
>>> data = file.read()
>>> assert ub.hash_data(data, hasher='sha1').startswith('f79ea24571')

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = download(url, hasher='sha1', hash_prefix='f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35')
Downloading url='http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png' to fpath=...rqwaDag.png
...
...1233/1233... rate=... Hz, eta=..., total=...

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> #fpath = download(url, hasher='sha1', hash_prefix='f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35')
>>> # test download from girder
>>> #url = 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download'
>>> #ub.download(url, hasher='sha512', hash_prefix='c98a46cb31205cf')
>>> with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
>>>     ub.download(url, hasher='sha512', hash_prefix='BAD_HASH')

ubelt.util_download.grabdata(url, fpath=None, dpath=None, fname=None, redo=False, verbose=1, appname=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha512', **download_kw)[source]¶

Downloads a file, caches it, and returns its local path.

If unspecified the location and name of the file is chosen automatically. A hash_prefix can be specified to verify the integrity of the downloaded data.

Parameters

url (str) – url of the file to download
fpath (Optional[str | PathLike]) – The full path to download the file to. If unspecified, the arguments dpath and fname are used to determine this.
dpath (Optional[str | PathLike]) – where to download the file. If unspecified appname is used to determine this. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
fname (Optional[str]) – What to name the downloaded file. Defaults to the url basename. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
redo (bool, default=False) – if True forces redownload of the file
verbose (bool, default=True) – verbosity flag
appname (str) – set dpath to ub.get_app_cache_dir(appname). Mutually exclusive with dpath and fpath.
hash_prefix (None | str) – If specified, grabdata verifies that this matches the hash of the file, and then saves the hash in a adjacent file to certify that the download was successful. Defaults to None.
hasher (str | Hasher) – If hash_prefix is specified, this indicates the hashing algorithm to apply to the file. Defaults to sha512. NOTE: Only pass hasher as a string. Passing as an instance is deprecated and can cause unexpected results.
**download_kw – additional kwargs to pass to ubelt.util_download.download()

Returns

fpath - path to downloaded or cached file.

Return type

str | PathLike

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_download grabdata --network

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname='mario.png')
>>> result = basename(fpath)
>>> print(result)
mario.png

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import json
>>> fname = 'foo.bar'
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> prefix1 = '944389a39dfb8fa9'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1, verbose=3)
>>> stamp_fpath = ub.Path(fpath + '.stamp_sha512.json')
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix1)
>>> # Check that the download doesn't happen again
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> # todo: check file timestamps have not changed
>>> #
>>> # Check redo works with hash
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1, redo=True)
>>> # todo: check file timestamps have changed
>>> #
>>> # Check that a redownload occurs when the stamp is changed
>>> with open(stamp_fpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('corrupt-stamp')
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix1)
>>> #
>>> # Check that a redownload occurs when the stamp is removed
>>> ub.delete(stamp_fpath)
>>> with open(fpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('corrupt-data')
>>> assert not ub.hash_file(fpath, base='hex', hasher='sha512').startswith(prefix1)
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> assert ub.hash_file(fpath, base='hex', hasher='sha512').startswith(prefix1)
>>> #
>>> # Check that requesting new data causes redownload
>>> #url2 = 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download'
>>> #prefix2 = 'c98a46cb31205cf'  # hack SSL
>>> url2 = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> prefix2 = '944389a39dfb8fa9'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url2, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix2)
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix2)

ubelt.util_download_manager module¶

A simple download manager

class ubelt.util_download_manager.DownloadManager(download_root=None, mode='thread', max_workers=None, cache=True)[source]¶

Bases: object

Simple implementation of the download manager

Variables

download_root (str | PathLike) – default download location
jobs (List[concurrent.futures.Future]) – list of jobs

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Download a file with a known hash
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager()
>>> job = manager.submit(
>>>     'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png',
>>>     hash_prefix='31a129618c87dd667103e7154182e3c39a605eefe90f84f2283f3c87efee8e40'
>>> )
>>> fpath = job.result()
>>> print('fpath = {!r}'.format(fpath))

Example

>>> # Does not require network
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager()
>>> for i in range(100):
...     job = manager.submit('localhost/might-not-exist-i-{}'.format(i))
>>> file_paths = []
>>> for job in manager.as_completed(prog=True):
...     try:
...         fpath = job.result()
...         file_paths += [fpath]
...     except Exception:
...         pass
>>> print('file_paths = {!r}'.format(file_paths))

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager()
>>> item1 = {
>>>     'url': 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download',
>>>     'dst': 'forgot_what_the_name_really_is',
>>>     'hash_prefix': 'c98a46cb31205cf',
>>>     'hasher': 'sha512',
>>> }
>>> item2 = {
>>>     'url': 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png',
>>>     'hash_prefix': 'f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35',
>>>     'hasher': 'sha1',
>>> }
>>> item1 = item2  # hack around SSL error
>>> manager.submit(**item1)
>>> manager.submit(**item2)
>>> for job in manager.as_completed(prog=True, verbose=3):
>>>     fpath = job.result()
>>>     print('fpath = {!r}'.format(fpath))

submit(url, dst=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha256')[source]¶

Add a job to the download Queue

Parameters

url (str | PathLike) – pointer to the data to download
dst (str | None) – The relative or absolute path to download to. If unspecified, the destination name is derived from the url.
hash_prefix (str | None) – If specified, verifies that the hash of the downloaded file starts with this.
hasher (str, default=’sha256’) – hashing algorithm to use if hash_prefix is specified.

Returns

a Future object that will point to the downloaded location.

Return type

as_completed(prog=None, desc=None, verbose=1)[source]¶

Generate completed jobs as they become available

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> download_root = ub.ensure_app_config_dir('ubelt', 'dlman')
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager(download_root=download_root,
>>>                              cache=False)
>>> for i in range(3):
>>>     manager.submit('localhost')
>>> results = list(manager)
>>> print('results = {!r}'.format(results))
>>> manager.shutdown()

shutdown()[source]¶: Cancel all jobs and close all connections.

ubelt.util_format module¶

Defines the function repr2(), which allows for a bit more customization than repr() or pprint(). See the docstring for more details.

Two main goals of repr2 are to provide nice string representations of nested data structures and make those “eval-able” whenever possible. As an example take the value float('inf'), which normally has a non-evalable repr of inf:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.repr2(float('inf'))
"float('inf')"

The newline (or nl) keyword argument can control how deep in the nesting newlines are allowed.

>>> print(ub.repr2({1: float('nan'), 2: float('inf'), 3: 3.0}))
{
    1: float('nan'),
    2: float('inf'),
    3: 3.0,
}

>>> print(ub.repr2({1: float('nan'), 2: float('inf'), 3: 3.0}, nl=0))
{1: float('nan'), 2: float('inf'), 3: 3.0}

You can also define or overwrite how representations for different types are created. You can either create your own extension object, or you can monkey-patch ub.util_format._FORMATTER_EXTENSIONS without specifying the extensions keyword argument (although this will be a global change).

>>> extensions = ub.util_format.FormatterExtensions()
>>> @extensions.register(float)
>>> def my_float_formater(data, **kw):
>>>     return "monkey({})".format(data)
>>> print(ub.repr2({1: float('nan'), 2: float('inf'), 3: 3.0}, nl=0, extensions=extensions))
{1: monkey(nan), 2: monkey(inf), 3: monkey(3.0)}

As of ubelt 1.1.0 you can now access and update the default extensions via the repr2 function itself.

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> # We skip this at test time to not modify global state
>>> @ub.repr2.EXTENSIONS.register(float)
>>> def my_float_formater(data, **kw):
>>>     return "monkey2({})".format(data)
>>> print(ub.repr2({1: float('nan'), 2: float('inf'), 3: 3.0}, nl=0))

ubelt.util_format.repr2(data, **kwargs)[source]¶

Makes a pretty string representation of data.

Makes a pretty and easy-to-doctest string representation. Has nice handling of common nested datatypes. This is an alternative to repr, and pprint.pformat().

This output of this function are configurable. By default it aims to produce strings that are consistent, compact, and executable. This makes them great for doctests.

Note

This function has many keyword arguments that can be used to customize the final representation. For convenience some of the more frequently used kwargs have short aliases. See “Kwargs” for more details.

Parameters: data (object) – an arbitrary python object to form the string “representation” of

Kwargs:

si, stritems, (bool):

dict/list items use str instead of repr

strkeys, sk (bool):

dict keys use str instead of repr

strvals, sv (bool):

dict values use str instead of repr

nl, newlines (int | bool):

number of top level nestings to place a newline after. If true all items are followed by newlines regardless of nesting level. Defaults to 1 for lists and True for dicts.

nobr, nobraces (bool, default=False):

if True, text will not contain outer braces for containers

cbr, compact_brace (bool, default=False):

if True, braces are compactified (i.e. they will not have newlines placed directly after them, think java / K&R / 1TBS)

trailsep, trailing_sep (bool):

if True, a separator is placed after the last item in a sequence. By default this is True if there are any nl > 0.

explicit (bool, default=False):

changes dict representation from {k1: v1, ...} to dict(k1=v1, ...).

Modifies:: default kvsep is modified to '=' dict braces from {} to dict().

compact (bool, default=False):

Produces values more suitable for space constrianed environments

Modifies:: default kvsep is modified to '=' default itemsep is modified to '' default nobraces is modified to 1. default nl is modified to 0. default strkeys to True default strvals to True

precision (int, default=None):

if specified floats are formatted with this precision

kvsep (str, default=’: ‘):

separator between keys and values

itemsep (str, default=’ ‘):

separator between items

sort (bool | callable, default=None):

if None, then sort unordered collections, but keep the ordering of ordered collections. This option attempts to be deterministic in most cases.

New in 0.8.0: if sort is callable, it will be used as a key-function to sort all collections.

if False, then nothing will be sorted, and the representation of unordered collections will be arbitrary and possibly non-determenistic.

if True, attempts to sort all collections in the returned text. Currently if True this WILL sort lists. Currently if True this WILL NOT sort OrderedDicts.

NOTE:: The previous behavior may not be intuitive, as such the behavior of this arg is subject to change.

suppress_small (bool):

passed to numpy.array2string() for ndarrays

max_line_width (int):

passed to numpy.array2string() for ndarrays

with_dtype (bool):

only relevant to numpy.ndarrays. if True includes the dtype. Defaults to not strvals.

align (bool | str, default=False):

if True, will align multi-line dictionaries by the kvsep

extensions (FormatterExtensions):

a custom FormatterExtensions instance that can overwrite or define how different types of objects are formatted.

Returns: outstr - output string
Return type: str

Note

There are also internal kwargs, which should not be used:

_return_info (bool): return information about child context

_root_info (depth): information about parent context

RelatedWork:: rich.pretty.pretty_repr() pprint.pformat()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {
...     'custom_types': [slice(0, 1, None), 1/3],
...     'nest_dict': {'k1': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}],
...                   'key2': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}],
...                   'key3': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}],
...                   },
...     'nest_dict2': {'k': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}]},
...     'nested_tuples': [tuple([1]), tuple([2, 3]), frozenset([4, 5, 6])],
...     'one_tup': tuple([1]),
...     'simple_dict': {'spam': 'eggs', 'ham': 'jam'},
...     'simple_list': [1, 2, 'red', 'blue'],
...     'odict': ub.odict([(1, '1'), (2, '2')]),
... }
>>> # In the interest of saving space we are only going to show the
>>> # output for the first example.
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=1, precision=2)
>>> print(result)
{
    'custom_types': [slice(0, 1, None), 0.33],
    'nest_dict': {'k1': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}], 'key2': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}], 'key3': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}]},
    'nest_dict2': {'k': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}]},
    'nested_tuples': [(1,), (2, 3), {4, 5, 6}],
    'odict': {1: '1', 2: '2'},
    'one_tup': (1,),
    'simple_dict': {'ham': 'jam', 'spam': 'eggs'},
    'simple_list': [1, 2, 'red', 'blue'],
}
>>> # You can try the rest yourself.
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, precision=2); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=2, precision=2); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=1, precision=2, itemsep='', explicit=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=1, precision=2, nobr=1, itemsep='', explicit=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, precision=2, cbr=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, precision=2, si=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, sort=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, sort=False, trailing_sep=False); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, sort=False, trailing_sep=False, nobr=True); print(result)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def _nest(d, w):
...     if d == 0:
...         return {}
...     else:
...         return {'n{}'.format(d): _nest(d - 1, w + 1), 'm{}'.format(d): _nest(d - 1, w + 1)}
>>> dict_ = _nest(d=4, w=1)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=6, precision=2, cbr=1)
>>> print('---')
>>> print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=-1, precision=2)
>>> print('---')
>>> print(result)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = {'a': 100, 'b': [1, '2', 3], 'c': {20:30, 40: 'five'}}
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, nl=1))
{
    'a': 100,
    'b': [1, '2', 3],
    'c': {20: 30, 40: 'five'},
}
>>> # Compact is useful for things like timerit.Timerit labels
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, compact=True))
a=100,b=[1,2,3],c={20=30,40=five}
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, compact=True, nobr=False))
{a=100,b=[1,2,3],c={20=30,40=five}}

class ubelt.util_format.FormatterExtensions[source]¶

Bases: object

Helper class for managing non-builtin (e.g. numpy) format types.

This module (ubelt.util_format) maintains a global set of basic extensions, but it is also possible to create a locally scoped set of extensions and explicitly pass it to repr2. The following example demonstrates this.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class MyObject(object):
>>>     pass
>>> data = {'a': [1, 2.2222, MyObject()], 'b': MyObject()}
>>> # Create a custom set of extensions
>>> extensions = ub.FormatterExtensions()
>>> # Register a function to format your specific type
>>> @extensions.register(MyObject)
>>> def format_myobject(data, **kwargs):
>>>     return 'I can do anything here'
>>> # Repr2 will now respect the passed custom extensions
>>> # Note that the global extensions will still be respected
>>> # unless they are overloaded.
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, nl=-1, precision=1, extensions=extensions))
{
    'a': [1, 2.2, I can do anything here],
    'b': I can do anything here
}
>>> # Overload the formatter for float and int
>>> @extensions.register((float, int))
>>> def format_myobject(data, **kwargs):
>>>     return str((data + 10) // 2)
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, nl=-1, precision=1, extensions=extensions))
{
    'a': [5, 6.0, I can do anything here],
    'b': I can do anything here
}

register(key)[source]¶

Registers a custom formatting function with ub.repr2

Parameters: key (Type | Tuple[Type] | str) – indicator of the type
Returns: decorator function
Return type: Callable

lookup(data)[source]¶: Returns an appropriate function to format data if one has been registered.

ubelt.util_func module¶

Helpers for functional programming.

The identity() function simply returns its own inputs. This is useful for bypassing print statements and many other cases. I also think it looks a little nicer than lambda x: x.

The inject_method() function “injects” another function into a class instance as a method. This is useful for monkey patching.

ubelt.util_func.identity(arg=None, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The identity function. Simply returns the value of its first input.

All other inputs are ignored. Defaults to None if called without args.

Parameters

arg (object, default=None) – some value
*args – ignored
**kwargs – ignored

Returns

arg - the same value

Return type

object

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.identity(42)
42
>>> ub.identity(42, 42)
42
>>> ub.identity()
None

ubelt.util_func.inject_method(self, func, name=None)[source]¶

Injects a function into an object instance as a bound method

The main use case of this function is for monkey patching. While monkey patching is sometimes necessary it should generally be avoided. Thus, we simply remind the developer that there might be a better way.

Parameters

self (T) – Instance to inject a function into.
func (Callable[…, Any]) – The function to inject (must contain an arg for self).
name (str, default=None) – Name of the method. optional. If not specified the name of the function is used.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Foo(object):
>>>     def bar(self):
>>>         return 'bar'
>>> def baz(self):
>>>     return 'baz'
>>> self = Foo()
>>> assert self.bar() == 'bar'
>>> assert not hasattr(self, 'baz')
>>> ub.inject_method(self, baz)
>>> assert not hasattr(Foo, 'baz'), 'should only change one instance'
>>> assert self.baz() == 'baz'
>>> ub.inject_method(self, baz, 'bar')
>>> assert self.bar() == 'baz'

ubelt.util_func.compatible(config, func, start=0)[source]¶

Take the subset of dict items that can be passed to function as kwargs

Parameters

config (Dict[str, Any]) – a flat configuration dictionary
func (Callable) – a function or method
start (int, default=0) – Only take args after this position. Set to 1 if calling with an unbound method to avoid the self argument.

Returns

a subset of config that only contains items compatible with the signature of func.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

Example

>>> # An example use case is to select a subset of of a config
>>> # that can be passed to some function as kwargs
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Define a function with args that match some keys in a config.
>>> def func(a, e, f):
>>>     return a * e * f
>>> # Define a config that has a superset of items needed by the func
>>> config = {
...   'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 7,
...   'd': 11, 'e': 13, 'f': 17,
... }
>>> # Call the function only with keys that are compatible
>>> func(**ub.compatible(config, func))
442

Example

>>> # Test case with kwargs
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def func(a, e, f, *args, **kwargs):
>>>     return a * e * f
>>> config = {
...   'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 7,
...   'd': 11, 'e': 13, 'f': 17,
... }
>>> func(**ub.compatible(config, func))

ubelt.util_futures module¶

Introduces the Executor class that wraps the standard ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor, and the new SerialExecutor with a common interface and a backend that changes dynamically. This makes is easy to test if your code benefits from parallism, how much it benefits, and gives you the ability to disable if if you need to.

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> # Note: while this works in IPython, this does not work when running
>>> # in xdoctest. https://github.com/Erotemic/xdoctest/issues/101
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:timerit)
>>> # Does my function benefit from parallelism?
>>> def my_function(arg1, arg2):
...     return (arg1 + arg2) * 3
>>> #
>>> def run_process(inputs, mode='serial', max_workers=0):
...     from concurrent.futures import as_completed
...     import ubelt as ub
...     # The executor interface is the same regardless of modes
...     executor = ub.Executor(mode=mode, max_workers=max_workers)
...     # submit returns a Future object
...     jobs = [executor.submit(my_function, *args) for args in inputs]
...     # future objects will contain results when they are done
...     results = [job.result() for job in as_completed(jobs)]
...     return results
>>> # The same code tests our method in serial, thread, or process mode
>>> import timerit
>>> ti = timerit.Timerit(100, bestof=10, verbose=2)
>>> # Setup test data
>>> import random
>>> rng = random.Random(0)
>>> max_workers = 4
>>> inputs = [(rng.random(), rng.random()) for _ in range(100)]
>>> for mode in ['serial', 'process', 'thread']:
>>>     for timer in ti.reset('mode={} max_workers={}'.format(mode, max_workers)):
>>>         with timer:
>>>             run_process(inputs, mode=mode, max_workers=max_workers)
>>> print(ub.repr2(ti))

class ubelt.util_futures.Executor(mode='thread', max_workers=0)[source]¶

Bases: object

Wrapper around a specific executor.

Abstracts Serial, Thread, and Process Executor via arguments.

Parameters

mode (str, default=’thread’) – either thread, serial, or process
max_workers (int, default=0) – number of workers. If 0, serial is forced.

Example

>>> import platform
>>> import sys
>>> # The process backend breaks pyp3 when using coverage
>>> if 'pypy' in platform.python_implementation().lower():
...     import pytest
...     pytest.skip('not testing process on pypy')
>>> if sys.platform.startswith('win32'):
...     import pytest
...     pytest.skip('not running this test on win32 for now')
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Fork before threading!
>>> # https://pybay.com/site_media/slides/raymond2017-keynote/combo.html
>>> self1 = ub.Executor(mode='serial', max_workers=0)
>>> self1.__enter__()
>>> self2 = ub.Executor(mode='process', max_workers=2)
>>> self2.__enter__()
>>> self3 = ub.Executor(mode='thread', max_workers=2)
>>> self3.__enter__()
>>> jobs = []
>>> jobs.append(self1.submit(sum, [1, 2, 3]))
>>> jobs.append(self1.submit(sum, [1, 2, 3]))
>>> jobs.append(self2.submit(sum, [10, 20, 30]))
>>> jobs.append(self2.submit(sum, [10, 20, 30]))
>>> jobs.append(self3.submit(sum, [4, 5, 5]))
>>> jobs.append(self3.submit(sum, [4, 5, 5]))
>>> for job in jobs:
>>>     result = job.result()
>>>     print('result = {!r}'.format(result))
>>> self1.__exit__(None, None, None)
>>> self2.__exit__(None, None, None)
>>> self3.__exit__(None, None, None)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self1 = ub.Executor(mode='serial', max_workers=0)
>>> with self1:
>>>     jobs = []
>>>     for i in range(10):
>>>         jobs.append(self1.submit(sum, [i + 1, i]))
>>>     for job in jobs:
>>>         job.add_done_callback(lambda x: print('done callback got x = {}'.format(x)))
>>>         result = job.result()
>>>         print('result = {!r}'.format(result))

submit(func, *args, **kw)[source]¶

Calls the submit function of the underlying backend.

Returns: a future representing the job
Return type: concurrent.futures.Future

shutdown()[source]¶: Calls the shutdown function of the underlying backend.

map(fn, *iterables, **kwargs)[source]¶

Calls the map function of the underlying backend.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m /home/joncrall/code/ubelt/ubelt/util_futures.py Executor.map

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import concurrent.futures
>>> import string
>>> with ub.Executor(mode='serial') as executor:
...     result_iter = executor.map(int, string.digits)
...     results = list(result_iter)
>>> print('results = {!r}'.format(results))
results = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> with ub.Executor(mode='thread', max_workers=2) as executor:
...     result_iter = executor.map(int, string.digits)
...     results = list(result_iter)
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> print('results = {!r}'.format(results))
results = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

class ubelt.util_futures.JobPool(mode='thread', max_workers=0)[source]¶

Bases: object

Abstracts away boilerplate of submitting and collecting jobs

This is a basic wrapper around ubelt.util_futures.Executor that simplifies the most basic case.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def worker(data):
>>>     return data + 1
>>> pool = ub.JobPool('thread', max_workers=16)
>>> for data in ub.ProgIter(range(10), desc='submit jobs'):
>>>     pool.submit(worker, data)
>>> final = []
>>> for job in pool.as_completed(desc='collect jobs'):
>>>     info = job.result()
>>>     final.append(info)
>>> print('final = {!r}'.format(final))

submit(func, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Submit a job managed by the pool

Parameters

func (Callable[…, Any]) – A callable that will take as many arguments as there are passed iterables.
*args – positional arguments to pass to the function
*kwargs – keyword arguments to pass to the function

Returns

a future representing the job

Return type

shutdown()[source]¶

as_completed(timeout=None, desc=None, progkw=None)[source]¶

Generates completed jobs in an arbitrary order

Parameters

timeout (float | None) – Specify the the maximum number of seconds to wait for a job.
desc (str | None) – if specified, reports progress with a ubelt.progiter.ProgIter object.
progkw (dict | None) – extra keyword arguments to ubelt.progiter.ProgIter.

Yields

concurrent.futures.Future – The completed future object containing the results of a job.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_futures JobPool.as_completed

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> pool = ub.JobPool('thread', max_workers=8)
>>> text = ub.paragraph(
...     '''
...     UDP is a cool protocol, check out the wiki:
...
...     UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT), is a high-performance
...     data transfer protocol designed for transferring large
...     volumetric datasets over high-speed wide area networks. Such
...     settings are typically disadvantageous for the more common TCP
...     protocol.
...     ''')
>>> for word in text.split(' '):
...     pool.submit(print, word)
>>> for _ in pool.as_completed():
...     pass
>>> pool.shutdown()

join(**kwargs)[source]¶

Like :method:`JobPool.as_completed`, but executes the result method of each future and returns only after all processes are complete. This allows for lower-boilerplate prototyping.

Parameters: **kwargs – passed to :method:`JobPool.as_completed`
Returns: list of results
Return type: List[Any]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # We just want to try replacing our simple iterative algorithm
>>> # with the embarassingly parallel version
>>> arglist = list(zip(range(1000), range(1000)))
>>> func = ub.identity
>>> #
>>> # Original version
>>> for args in arglist:
>>>     func(*args)
>>> #
>>> # Potentially parallel version
>>> jobs = ub.JobPool(max_workers=0)
>>> for args in arglist:
>>>     jobs.submit(func, *args)
>>> _ = jobs.join(desc='running')

ubelt.util_hash module¶

Wrappers around hashlib functions to generate hash signatures for common data.

The hashes are deterministic across python versions and operating systems. This is verified by CI testing on Windows, Linux, Python with 2.7, 3.4, and greater, and on 32 and 64 bit versions.

Use Case #1: You have data that you want to hash. If we assume the data is in standard python scalars or ordered sequences: e.g. tuple, list, odict, oset, int, str, etc…, then the solution is hash_data().

Use Case #2: You have a file you want to hash, but your system doesn’t have a sha1sum executable (or you dont want to use Popen). The solution is hash_file()

The ubelt.util_hash.hash_data() function recursively hashes most builtin python data structures.

The ubelt.util_hash.hash_file() function hashes data on disk. Both of the aforementioned functions have options for different hashers and alphabets.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = ub.odict(sorted({
>>>     'param1': True,
>>>     'param2': 0,
>>>     'param3': [None],
>>>     'param4': ('str', 4.2),
>>> }.items()))
>>> # hash_data can hash any ordered builtin object
>>> ub.hash_data(data, hasher='sha256')
0b101481e4b894ddf6de57...

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> fpath = ub.touch(join(ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt'), 'empty_file'))
>>> ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1')
da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709

Note

The exact hashes generated for data object and files may change in the future. When this happens the HASH_VERSION attribute will be incremented.

Note

[util_hash.Note.1] pre 0.10.2, the protected function _hashable_sequence defaulted to types=True setting to True here for backwards compat. This means that extensions using the _hashable_sequence helper will always include types in their hashable encoding regardless of the argument setting. We may change this in the future, to be more consistent. This is a minor detail unless you are getting into the weeds of how we coerce technically non-hashable sequences into a hashable encoding.

ubelt.util_hash.hash_data(data, hasher=NoParam, base=NoParam, types=False, convert=False, extensions=None)[source]¶

Get a unique hash depending on the state of the data.

Parameters

data (object) – Any sort of loosely organized data
hasher (str | Hasher, default=’sha512’) – string code or a hash algorithm from hashlib. Valid hashing algorithms are defined by hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed (e.g. ‘sha1’, ‘sha512’, ‘md5’) as well as ‘xxh32’ and ‘xxh64’ if xxhash is installed.
base (List[str] | str, default=’hex’) – list of symbols or shorthand key. Valid keys are ‘abc’, ‘hex’, and ‘dec’.
types (bool) – If True data types are included in the hash, otherwise only the raw data is hashed. Defaults to False.
convert (bool, default=True) – if True, try and convert the data to json an the json is hashed instead. This can improve runtime in some instances, however the hash may differ from the case where convert=False.
extensions (HashableExtensions) – a custom HashableExtensions instance that can overwrite or define how different types of objects are hashed.

Note

The types allowed are specified by the HashableExtensions object. By default ubelt will register:

OrderedDict, uuid.UUID, np.random.RandomState, np.int64, np.int32, np.int16, np.int8, np.uint64, np.uint32, np.uint16, np.uint8, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.float128, np.ndarray, bytes, str, int, float, long (in python2), list, tuple, set, and dict

Returns: text representing the hashed data
Return type: str

Note

The alphabet26 base is a pretty nice base, I recommend it. However we default to base='hex' because it is standard. You can try the alphabet26 base by setting base='abc'.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(ub.hash_data([1, 2, (3, '4')], convert=False))
60b758587f599663931057e6ebdf185a...
>>> print(ub.hash_data([1, 2, (3, '4')], base='abc',  hasher='sha512')[:32])
hsrgqvfiuxvvhcdnypivhhthmrolkzej

ubelt.util_hash.hash_file(fpath, blocksize=1048576, stride=1, maxbytes=None, hasher=NoParam, base=NoParam)[source]¶

Hashes the data in a file on disk.

The results of this function agree with the standard UNIX commands (e.g. sha1sum, sha512sum, md5sum, etc…)

Parameters

fpath (PathLike) – location of the file to be hashed.
blocksize (int, default=2 * 20*) – Amount of data to read and hash at a time. There is a trade off and the optimal number will depend on specific hardware. This number was chosen to be optimal on a developer system. See “dev/bench_hash_file” for methodology to choose this number for your use case.
stride (int, default=1) – strides > 1 skip data to hash, useful for faster hashing, but less accurate, also makes hash dependent on blocksize.
maxbytes (int | None) – if specified, only hash the leading maxbytes of data in the file.
hasher (str | Hasher, default=’sha512’) – string code or a hash algorithm from hashlib. Valid hashing algorithms are defined by hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed (e.g. ‘sha1’, ‘sha512’, ‘md5’) as well as ‘xxh32’ and ‘xxh64’ if xxhash is installed.

TODO: add logic such that you can update an existing hasher
base (List[str] | str, default=’hex’) – list of symbols or shorthand key. Valid keys are ‘abc’, ‘hex’, and ‘dec’.

Note

For better hashes keep stride = 1. For faster hashes set stride > 1. Blocksize matters when stride > 1.

References

SO_3431825: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3431825/md5-checksum-of-a-file
SO_5001893: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5001893/when-to-use-sha-1-vs-sha-2

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'tmp1.txt'
>>> fpath.write_text('foobar')
>>> print(ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex'))
8843d7f92416211de9ebb963ff4ce28125932878

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'tmp2.txt'
>>> # We have the ability to only hash at most ``maxbytes`` in a file
>>> fpath.write_text('abcdefghijklmnop')
>>> h0 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=11, blocksize=3)
>>> h1 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=3)
>>> h2 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=32)
>>> h3 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=1)
>>> h4 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=18)
>>> assert h1 == h2 == h3 == h4
>>> assert h1 != h0

>>> # Using a stride makes the result dependent on the blocksize
>>> h0 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=11, blocksize=3, stride=2)
>>> h1 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=3, stride=2)
>>> h2 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=32, stride=2)
>>> h3 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=1, stride=2)
>>> h4 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=18, stride=2)
>>> assert h1 != h2 != h3
>>> assert h1 == h0
>>> assert h2 == h4

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt/tests/test-hash')
>>> fpath = ub.touch(join(dpath, 'empty_file'))
>>> # Test that the output is the same as sha1sum executable
>>> if ub.find_exe('sha1sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['sha1sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)
>>> # Do the same for sha512 sum and md5sum
>>> if ub.find_exe('sha512sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['sha512sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha512')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)
>>> if ub.find_exe('md5sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['md5sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='md5')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)

ubelt.util_import module¶

Expose functions to simplify importing from module names and paths.

The ubelt.import_module_from_path() function does its best to load a python file into th current set of global modules.

The ubelt.import_module_from_name() works similarly.

The ubelt.modname_to_modpath() and ubelt.modname_to_modpath() work statically and convert between module names and file paths on disk.

The ubelt.split_modpath() function separates modules into a root and base path depending on where the first __init__.py file is.

ubelt.util_import.split_modpath(modpath, check=True)[source]¶

Splits the modpath into the dir that must be in PYTHONPATH for the module to be imported and the modulepath relative to this directory.

Parameters

modpath (str) – module filepath
check (bool) – if False, does not raise an error if modpath is a directory and does not contain an __init__.py file.

Returns

(directory, rel_modpath)

Return type

Tuple[str, str]

Raises

ValueError – if modpath does not exist or is not a package

Example

>>> from xdoctest import static_analysis
>>> modpath = static_analysis.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')
>>> modpath = abspath(modpath)
>>> dpath, rel_modpath = split_modpath(modpath)
>>> recon = join(dpath, rel_modpath)
>>> assert recon == modpath
>>> assert rel_modpath == join('xdoctest', 'static_analysis.py')

ubelt.util_import.modname_to_modpath(modname, hide_init=True, hide_main=False, sys_path=None)[source]¶

Finds the path to a python module from its name.

Determines the path to a python module without directly import it

Converts the name of a module (__name__) to the path (__file__) where it is located without importing the module. Returns None if the module does not exist.

Parameters

modname (str) – module filepath
hide_init (bool) – if False, __init__.py will be returned for packages
hide_main (bool) – if False, and hide_init is True, __main__.py will be returned for packages, if it exists.
sys_path (list, default=None) – if specified overrides sys.path

Returns

modpath - path to the module, or None if it doesn’t exist

Return type

Example

>>> modname = 'xdoctest.__main__'
>>> modpath = modname_to_modpath(modname, hide_main=False)
>>> assert modpath.endswith('__main__.py')
>>> modname = 'xdoctest'
>>> modpath = modname_to_modpath(modname, hide_init=False)
>>> assert modpath.endswith('__init__.py')
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(CPython)
>>> modpath = basename(modname_to_modpath('_ctypes'))
>>> assert 'ctypes' in modpath

ubelt.util_import.modpath_to_modname(modpath, hide_init=True, hide_main=False, check=True, relativeto=None)[source]¶

Determines importable name from file path

Converts the path to a module (__file__) to the importable python name (__name__) without importing the module.

The filename is converted to a module name, and parent directories are recursively included until a directory without an __init__.py file is encountered.

Parameters

modpath (str) – module filepath
hide_init (bool, default=True) – removes the __init__ suffix
hide_main (bool, default=False) – removes the __main__ suffix
check (bool, default=True) – if False, does not raise an error if modpath is a dir and does not contain an __init__ file.
relativeto (str, default=None) – if specified, all checks are ignored and this is considered the path to the root module.

Todo

[ ] Does this need modification to support PEP 420?
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/

Returns: modname
Return type: str
Raises: ValueError – if check is True and the path does not exist

Example

>>> from xdoctest import static_analysis
>>> modpath = static_analysis.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')
>>> modpath = modpath.replace('.pyc', '.py')
>>> modname = modpath_to_modname(modpath)
>>> assert modname == 'xdoctest.static_analysis'

Example

>>> import xdoctest
>>> assert modpath_to_modname(xdoctest.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')) == 'xdoctest'
>>> assert modpath_to_modname(dirname(xdoctest.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py'))) == 'xdoctest'

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(CPython)
>>> modpath = modname_to_modpath('_ctypes')
>>> modname = modpath_to_modname(modpath)
>>> assert modname == '_ctypes'

Example

>>> modpath = '/foo/libfoobar.linux-x86_64-3.6.so'
>>> modname = modpath_to_modname(modpath, check=False)
>>> assert modname == 'libfoobar'

ubelt.util_import.import_module_from_name(modname)[source]¶

Imports a module from its string name (i.e. __name__)

Parameters: modname (str) – module name
Returns: module
Return type: ModuleType

SeeAlso:: import_module_from_path()

Example

>>> # test with modules that won't be imported in normal circumstances
>>> # todo write a test where we guarantee this
>>> modname_list = [
>>>     'pickletools',
>>>     'lib2to3.fixes.fix_apply',
>>> ]
>>> #assert not any(m in sys.modules for m in modname_list)
>>> modules = [import_module_from_name(modname) for modname in modname_list]
>>> assert [m.__name__ for m in modules] == modname_list
>>> assert all(m in sys.modules for m in modname_list)

ubelt.util_import.import_module_from_path(modpath, index=- 1)[source]¶

Imports a module via its path

Parameters

modpath (str | PathLike) – Path to the module on disk or within a zipfile.
index (int) – Location at which we modify PYTHONPATH if necessary. If your module name does not conflict, the safest value is -1, However, if there is a conflict, then use an index of 0. The default may change to 0 in the future.

Returns

the imported module

Return type

ModuleType

References

SO_67631: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67631/import-module-given-path

Note

If the module is part of a package, the package will be imported first. These modules may cause problems when reloading via IPython magic

This can import a module from within a zipfile. To do this modpath should specify the path to the zipfile and the path to the module within that zipfile separated by a colon or pathsep. E.g. “/path/to/archive.zip:mymodule.pl”

Warning

It is best to use this with paths that will not conflict with previously existing modules.

If the modpath conflicts with a previously existing module name. And the target module does imports of its own relative to this conflicting path. In this case, the module that was loaded first will win.

For example if you try to import ‘/foo/bar/pkg/mod.py’ from the folder structure:

- foo/
  +- bar/
     +- pkg/
        +  __init__.py
        |- mod.py
        |- helper.py

If there exists another module named pkg already in sys.modules and mod.py does something like from . import helper, Python will assume helper belongs to the pkg module already in sys.modules. This can cause a NameError or worse — a incorrect helper module.

SeeAlso:: import_module_from_name()

Example

>>> import xdoctest
>>> modpath = xdoctest.__file__
>>> module = import_module_from_path(modpath)
>>> assert module is xdoctest

Example

>>> # Test importing a module from within a zipfile
>>> import zipfile
>>> from xdoctest import utils
>>> from os.path import join, expanduser, normpath
>>> dpath = expanduser('~/.cache/xdoctest')
>>> dpath = utils.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> #dpath = utils.TempDir().ensure()
>>> # Write to an external module named bar
>>> external_modpath = join(dpath, 'bar.py')
>>> # For pypy support we have to write this using with
>>> with open(external_modpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('testvar = 1')
>>> internal = 'folder/bar.py'
>>> # Move the external bar module into a zipfile
>>> zippath = join(dpath, 'myzip.zip')
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile(zippath, 'w') as myzip:
>>>     myzip.write(external_modpath, internal)
>>> # Import the bar module from within the zipfile
>>> modpath = zippath + ':' + internal
>>> modpath = zippath + os.path.sep + internal
>>> module = import_module_from_path(modpath)
>>> assert normpath(module.__name__) == normpath('folder/bar')
>>> assert module.testvar == 1

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(IOError):
>>>     import_module_from_path('does-not-exist')
>>> with pytest.raises(IOError):
>>>     import_module_from_path('does-not-exist.zip/')

ubelt.util_indexable module¶

The util_indexable module defines IndexableWalker which is a powerful way to iterate through nested Python containers.

class ubelt.util_indexable.IndexableWalker(data, dict_cls=(<class 'dict'>, ), list_cls=(<class 'list'>, <class 'tuple'>))[source]¶

Bases: collections.abc.Generator

Traverses through a nested tree-liked indexable structure.

Generates a path and value to each node in the structure. The path is a list of indexes which if applied in order will reach the value.

The __setitem__ method can be used to modify a nested value based on the path returned by the generator.

When generating values, you can use “send” to prevent traversal of a particular branch.

RelatedWork:

https://pypi.org/project/python-benedict/ - implements a dictionary
subclass with similar nested indexing abilities.

Example

>>> # Given Nested Data
>>> data = {
>>>     'foo': {'bar': 1},
>>>     'baz': [{'biz': 3}, {'buz': [4, 5, 6]}],
>>> }
>>> # Create an IndexableWalker
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> # We iterate over the data as if it was flat
>>> # ignore the <want> string due to order issues on older Pythons
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> for path, val in walker:
>>>     print(path)
['foo']
['baz']
['baz', 0]
['baz', 1]
['baz', 1, 'buz']
['baz', 1, 'buz', 0]
['baz', 1, 'buz', 1]
['baz', 1, 'buz', 2]
['baz', 0, 'biz']
['foo', 'bar']
>>> # We can use "paths" as keys to getitem into the walker
>>> path = ['baz', 1, 'buz', 2]
>>> val = walker[path]
>>> assert val == 6
>>> # We can use "paths" as keys to setitem into the walker
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][2] == 6
>>> walker[path] = 7
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][2] == 7
>>> # We can use "paths" as keys to delitem into the walker
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][1] == 5
>>> del walker[['baz', 1, 'buz', 1]]
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][1] == 7

Example

>>> # Create nested data
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:numpy)
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = ub.ddict(lambda: int)
>>> data['foo'] = ub.ddict(lambda: int)
>>> data['bar'] = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> data['foo']['a'] = 1
>>> data['foo']['b'] = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> data['foo']['c'] = [1, 2, 3]
>>> data['baz'] = 3
>>> print('data = {}'.format(ub.repr2(data, nl=True)))
>>> # We can walk through every node in the nested tree
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> for path, value in walker:
>>>     print('walk path = {}'.format(ub.repr2(path, nl=0)))
>>>     if path[-1] == 'c':
>>>         # Use send to prevent traversing this branch
>>>         got = walker.send(False)
>>>         # We can modify the value based on the returned path
>>>         walker[path] = 'changed the value of c'
>>> print('data = {}'.format(ub.repr2(data, nl=True)))
>>> assert data['foo']['c'] == 'changed the value of c'

Example

>>> # Test sending false for every data item
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(CPython)
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:numpy)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import numpy as np
>>> data = {1: 1}
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> for path, value in walker:
>>>     print('walk path = {}'.format(ub.repr2(path, nl=0)))
>>>     walker.send(False)
>>> data = {}
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> for path, value in walker:
>>>     walker.send(False)

send(arg) → send 'arg' into generator,[source]¶: return next yielded value or raise StopIteration.

throw(typ[, val[, tb]]) → raise exception in generator,[source]¶: return next yielded value or raise StopIteration.

ubelt.util_indexable.indexable_allclose(dct1, dct2, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0, return_info=False)[source]¶

Walks through two nested data structures and ensures that everything is roughly the same.

Parameters

dct1 (dict) – a nested indexable item
dct2 (dict) – a nested indexable item
rel_tol (float) – maximum difference for being considered “close”, relative to the magnitude of the input values
abs_tol (float) – maximum difference for being considered “close”, regardless of the magnitude of the input values
return_info (bool, default=False) – if true, return extra info

Returns

A boolean result if return_info is false, otherwise a tuple of the boolean result and an “info” dict containing detailed results indicating what matched and what did not.

Return type

bool | Tuple[bool, Dict]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dct1 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.222222, 1.333],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> dct2 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.22222, 1.333],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose(dct1, dct2, return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {}'.format(ub.repr2(return_info, nl=1)))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

>>> walker1 = return_info['walker1']
>>> for p1, v1, v2  in return_info['faillist']:
>>>     v1_ = walker1[p1]
>>>     print('*fail p1, v1, v2 = {}, {}, {}'.format(p1, v1, v2))
>>> for p1 in return_info['passlist']:
>>>     v1_ = walker1[p1]
>>>     print('*pass p1, v1_ = {}, {}'.format(p1, v1_))
>>> assert not flag

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dct1 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.0000000000000000000000001, 1.],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> dct2 = {
>>>     'foo': [0.9999999999999999, 1.],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose(dct1, dct2, return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {}'.format(ub.repr2(return_info, nl=1)))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose([], [], return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {!r}'.format(return_info))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> flag =  ub.indexable_allclose([], [], return_info=False)
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose([], [1], return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {!r}'.format(return_info))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

ubelt.util_io module¶

Functions for reading and writing files on disk.

writeto() and readfrom() wrap open().write() and open().read() and primarily serve to indicate that the type of data being written and read is unicode text.

delete() wraps os.unlink() and shutil.rmtree() and does not throw an error if the file or directory does not exist. It also contains workarounds for win32 issues with shutil.

ubelt.util_io.readfrom(fpath, aslines=False, errors='replace', verbose=None)[source]¶

Reads (utf8) text from a file.

Note

You probably should use ub.Path(<fpath>).read_text() instead. This function exists as a convenience for writing in Python2. After 2020-01-01, we may consider deprecating the function.

Parameters

fpath (str | PathLike) – file path
aslines (bool) – if True returns list of lines
verbose (bool) – verbosity flag

Returns

text from fpath (this is unicode)

Return type

ubelt.util_io.writeto(fpath, to_write, aslines=False, verbose=None)[source]¶

Writes (utf8) text to a file.

Parameters

fpath (str | PathLike) – file path
to_write (str) – text to write (must be unicode text)
aslines (bool) – if True to_write is assumed to be a list of lines
verbose (bool) – verbosity flag

Note

In CPython you may want to use open(<fpath>).write(<to_write>) instead. This function exists as a convenience for writing in Python2. After 2020-01-01, we may consider deprecating the function.

NOTE: In PyPy open(<fpath>).write(<to_write>) does not work. See https://pypy.org/compat.html. This is an argument for keeping this function.

NOTE: With modern versions of Python, it is generally recommened to use pathlib.Path.write_text() instead. Although there does seem to be some corner case this handles better on win32, so maybe useful?

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import os
>>> from os.path import exists
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> fpath = dpath + '/' + 'testwrite.txt'
>>> if exists(fpath):
>>>     os.remove(fpath)
>>> to_write = 'utf-8 symbols Δ, Й, ק, م, ๗, あ, 叶, 葉, and 말.'
>>> ub.writeto(fpath, to_write)
>>> read_ = ub.readfrom(fpath)
>>> print('read_    = ' + read_)
>>> print('to_write = ' + to_write)
>>> assert read_ == to_write

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import os
>>> from os.path import exists
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> fpath = dpath + '/' + 'testwrite2.txt'
>>> if exists(fpath):
>>>     os.remove(fpath)
>>> to_write = ['a\n', 'b\n', 'c\n', 'd\n']
>>> ub.writeto(fpath, to_write, aslines=True)
>>> read_ = ub.readfrom(fpath, aslines=True)
>>> print('read_    = {}'.format(read_))
>>> print('to_write = {}'.format(to_write))
>>> assert read_ == to_write

Example

>>> # With modern Python, use pathlib.Path (or ub.Path) instead
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/io').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = (dpath / 'test_file.txt').delete()
>>> to_write = 'utf-8 symbols Δ, Й, ק, م, ๗, あ, 叶, 葉, and 말.'
>>> ub.writeto(fpath, to_write)
>>> fpath.write_bytes(to_write.encode('utf8'))
>>> assert fpath.read_bytes().decode('utf8') == to_write

ubelt.util_io.touch(fpath, mode=438, dir_fd=None, verbose=0, **kwargs)[source]¶

change file timestamps

Works like the touch unix utility

Parameters

fpath (str | PathLike) – name of the file
mode (int) – file permissions (python3 and unix only)
dir_fd (io.IOBase) – optional directory file descriptor. If specified, fpath is interpreted as relative to this descriptor (python 3 only).
verbose (int) – verbosity
**kwargs – extra args passed to os.utime() (python 3 only).

Returns

path to the file

Return type

ubelt.util_path.Path.delete()

References

SO_1158076: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1158076/implement-touch-using-python

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> fpath = join(dpath, 'touch_file')
>>> assert not exists(fpath)
>>> ub.touch(fpath)
>>> assert exists(fpath)
>>> os.unlink(fpath)

ubelt.util_io.delete(path, verbose=False)[source]¶

Removes a file or recursively removes a directory. If a path does not exist, then this is does nothing.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – file or directory to remove
verbose (bool) – if True prints what is being done

SeeAlso:

send2trash -: A cross-platform Python package for sending files to the trash instead of irreversibly deleting them.

Notes

This can call os.unlink(), os.rmdir(), or shutil.rmtree(), depending on what path references on the filesystem. (On windows may also call a custom ubelt._win32_links._win32_rmtree()).

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> base = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'delete_test')
>>> dpath1 = ub.ensuredir(join(base, 'dir'))
>>> ub.ensuredir(join(base, 'dir', 'subdir'))
>>> ub.touch(join(base, 'dir', 'to_remove1.txt'))
>>> fpath1 = join(base, 'dir', 'subdir', 'to_remove3.txt')
>>> fpath2 = join(base, 'dir', 'subdir', 'to_remove2.txt')
>>> ub.touch(fpath1)
>>> ub.touch(fpath2)
>>> assert all(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath1, fpath2)))
>>> ub.delete(fpath1)
>>> assert all(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath2)))
>>> assert not exists(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(dpath1)
>>> assert not any(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath1, fpath2)))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import exists, join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'delete_test2')
>>> dpath1 = ub.ensuredir(join(dpath, 'dir'))
>>> fpath1 = ub.touch(join(dpath1, 'to_remove.txt'))
>>> assert exists(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(fpath1)

ubelt.util_links module¶

Cross-platform logic for dealing with symlinks. Basic functionality should work on all operating systems including everyone’s favorite pathological OS (note that there is an additional helper file for this case), but there are some corner cases depending on your version. Recent versions of Windows tend to work, but there certain system settings that cause issues. Any POSIX system works without difficulty.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import normpath, join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', normpath('demo/symlink'))
>>> real_path = join(dpath, 'real_file.txt')
>>> link_path = join(dpath, 'link_file.txt')
>>> ub.touch(real_path)
>>> result = ub.symlink(real_path, link_path, overwrite=True, verbose=3)
>>> parts = result.split(os.path.sep)
>>> print(parts[-1])
link_file.txt

ubelt.util_links.symlink(real_path, link_path, overwrite=False, verbose=0)[source]¶

Create a link link_path that mirrors real_path.

This function attempts to create a real symlink, but will fall back on a hard link or junction if symlinks are not supported.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – path to real file or directory
link_path (str | PathLike) – path to desired location for symlink
overwrite (bool, default=False) – overwrite existing symlinks. This will not overwrite real files on systems with proper symlinks. However, on older versions of windows junctions are indistinguishable from real files, so we cannot make this guarantee.
verbose (int, default=0) – verbosity level

Returns

link path

Return type

str | PathLike

Note

On systems that do not contain support for symlinks (e.g. some versions / configurations of Windows), this function will fall back on hard links or junctions [WikiNTFSLinks], [WikiHardLink]. The differences between the two are explained in [WikiSymLink].

If symlinks are not available, then link_path and real_path must exist on the same filesystem. Given that, this function always works in the sense that (1) link_path will mirror the data from real_path, (2) updates to one will effect the other, and (3) no extra space will be used.

More details can be found in ubelt._win32_links. On systems that support symlinks (e.g. Linux), none of the above applies.

References

WikiSymLink: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link
WikiHardLink: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link
WikiNTFSLinks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS_links

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'test_symlink0')
>>> real_path = join(dpath, 'real_file.txt')
>>> link_path = join(dpath, 'link_file.txt')
>>> [ub.delete(p) for p in [real_path, link_path]]
>>> ub.writeto(real_path, 'foo')
>>> result = symlink(real_path, link_path)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(result) == 'foo'
>>> [ub.delete(p) for p in [real_path, link_path]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import dirname
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'test_symlink1')
>>> ub.delete(dpath)
>>> ub.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> real_dpath = ub.ensuredir((dpath, 'real_dpath'))
>>> link_dpath = ub.augpath(real_dpath, base='link_dpath')
>>> real_path = join(dpath, 'afile.txt')
>>> link_path = join(dpath, 'afile.txt')
>>> [ub.delete(p) for p in [real_path, link_path]]
>>> ub.writeto(real_path, 'foo')
>>> result = symlink(real_dpath, link_dpath)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(link_path) == 'foo', 'read should be same'
>>> ub.writeto(link_path, 'bar')
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(link_path) == 'bar', 'very bad bar'
>>> assert ub.readfrom(real_path) == 'bar', 'changing link did not change real'
>>> ub.writeto(real_path, 'baz')
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(real_path) == 'baz', 'very bad baz'
>>> assert ub.readfrom(link_path) == 'baz', 'changing real did not change link'
>>> ub.delete(link_dpath, verbose=1)
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(link_dpath), 'link should not exist'
>>> assert exists(real_path), 'real path should exist'
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> ub.delete(dpath, verbose=1)
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(real_path)

ubelt.util_list module¶

Utility functions for manipulating iterables, lists, and sequences.

The chunks() function splits a list into smaller parts. There are different strategies for how to do this.

The flatten() function take a list of lists and removees the inner lists. This only removes one level of nesting.

The iterable() function checks if an object is iterable or not. Similar to the callable() builtin function.

The argmax(), argmin(), and argsort() work similarly to the analogous numpy functions, except they operate on dictionaries and other Python builtin types.

The take() and compress() are generators, and also similar to their lesser known, but very useful numpy equivalents.

There are also other numpy inspired functions: unique(), argunique(), unique_flags(), and boolmask().

ubelt.util_list.allsame(iterable, eq=<built-in function eq>)[source]¶

Determine if all items in a sequence are the same

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – items to determine if they are all the same
eq (Callable[[T, T], bool], default=operator.eq) – function used to test for equality

Returns

True if all items are equal, otherwise False

Return type

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.all_equal()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.allsame([1, 1, 1, 1])
True
>>> ub.allsame([])
True
>>> ub.allsame([0, 1])
False
>>> iterable = iter([0, 1, 1, 1])
>>> next(iterable)
>>> ub.allsame(iterable)
True
>>> ub.allsame(range(10))
False
>>> ub.allsame(range(10), lambda a, b: True)
True

ubelt.util_list.argmax(indexable, key=None)[source]¶

Returns index / key of the item with the largest value.

This is similar to numpy.argmax(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], Any], default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable

Returns

the index of the item with the maximum value.

Return type

int | KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.argmax({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}) == 'c'
>>> assert ub.argmax(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f']) == 3
>>> assert ub.argmax([[0, 1], [2, 3, 4], [5]], key=len) == 1
>>> assert ub.argmax({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 3: 100, 4: 4}) == 3
>>> assert ub.argmax(iter(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f'])) == 3

ubelt.util_list.argmin(indexable, key=None)[source]¶

Returns index / key of the item with the smallest value.

This is similar to numpy.argmin(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], VT], default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable

Returns

the index of the item with the minimum value.

Return type

int | KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.argmin({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}) == 'b'
>>> assert ub.argmin(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f']) == 0
>>> assert ub.argmin([[0, 1], [2, 3, 4], [5]], key=len) == 2
>>> assert ub.argmin({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 3: 100, 4: 4}) == 'b'
>>> assert ub.argmin(iter(['a', 'c', 'A', 'z', 'f'])) == 2

ubelt.util_list.argsort(indexable, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Returns the indices that would sort a indexable object.

This is similar to numpy.argsort(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], VT] | None, default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

indices - list of indices that sorts the indexable

Return type

List[int] | List[KT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # argsort works on dicts by returning keys
>>> dict_ = {'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}
>>> indices = ub.argsort(dict_)
>>> assert list(ub.take(dict_, indices)) == sorted(dict_.values())
>>> # argsort works on lists by returning indices
>>> indexable = [100, 2, 432, 10]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable)
>>> assert list(ub.take(indexable, indices)) == sorted(indexable)
>>> # Can use iterators, but be careful. It exhausts them.
>>> indexable = reversed(range(100))
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable)
>>> assert indices[0] == 99
>>> # Can use key just like sorted
>>> indexable = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable, key=len)
>>> assert indices == [2, 1, 0]
>>> # Can use reverse just like sorted
>>> indexable = [0, 2, 1]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable, reverse=True)
>>> assert indices == [1, 2, 0]

ubelt.util_list.argunique(items, key=None)[source]¶

Returns indices corresponding to the first instance of each unique item.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT]) – indexable collection of items
key (Callable[[VT], Any], default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Returns

indices of the unique items

Return type

Iterator[int]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 2, 5, 1, 1, 0, 2, 4]
>>> indices = list(ub.argunique(items))
>>> assert indices == [0, 1, 2, 3, 7]
>>> indices = list(ub.argunique(items, key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0))
>>> assert indices == [0, 2]

ubelt.util_list.boolmask(indices, maxval=None)[source]¶

Constructs a list of booleans where an item is True if its position is in indices otherwise it is False.

Parameters

indices (List[int]) – list of integer indices
maxval (int) – length of the returned list. If not specified this is inferred using max(indices)

Returns

mask - a list of booleans. mask[idx] is True if idx in indices

Return type

List[bool]

Note

In the future the arg maxval may change its name to shape

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> indices = [0, 1, 4]
>>> mask = ub.boolmask(indices, maxval=6)
>>> assert mask == [True, True, False, False, True, False]
>>> mask = ub.boolmask(indices)
>>> assert mask == [True, True, False, False, True]

class ubelt.util_list.chunks(items, chunksize=None, nchunks=None, total=None, bordermode='none', legacy=False)[source]¶

Bases: object

Generates successive n-sized chunks from items.

If the last chunk has less than n elements, bordermode is used to determine fill values.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – input to iterate over
chunksize (int) – size of each sublist yielded
nchunks (int) – number of chunks to create ( cannot be specified if chunksize is specified)
bordermode (str) – determines how to handle the last case if the length of the input is not divisible by chunksize valid values are: {‘none’, ‘cycle’, ‘replicate’}
total (int) – hints about the length of the input

Note

FIXME:: When nchunks is given, that’s how many chunks we should get but the issue is that chunksize is not well defined in that instance For instance how do we turn a list with 4 elements into 3 chunks where does the extra item go?

In ubelt <= 0.10.3 there is a bug when specifying nchunks, where it chooses a chunksize that is too large. Specify legacy=True to get the old buggy behavior if needed.

Notes

This is similar to functionality provided by: more_itertools.chunked(), more_itertools.chunked_even(), more_itertools.sliced(), more_itertools.divide(),

Yields: List[T] – subsequent non-overlapping chunks of the input items

References

SO_434287: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/434287/iterate-over-a-list-in-chunks

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = '1234567'
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3)
>>> list(genresult)
[['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7']]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='none')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7]]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='cycle')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 1, 2]]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='replicate')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 7, 7]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(2), nchunks=2))) == 2
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(3), nchunks=2))) == 2
>>> # Note: ub.chunks will not do the 2,1,1 split
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(4), nchunks=3))) == 3
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, bordermode='none'))) == 0
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, bordermode='cycle'))) == 0
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, None, bordermode='replicate'))) == 0

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> def _check_len(self):
...     assert len(self) == len(list(self))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(3)), nchunks=2))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(2)), nchunks=2))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(2)), nchunks=3))

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> import pytest
>>> assert pytest.raises(ValueError, chunks, range(9))
>>> assert pytest.raises(ValueError, chunks, range(9), chunksize=2, nchunks=2)
>>> assert pytest.raises(TypeError, len, chunks((_ for _ in range(2)), 2))

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> basis = {
>>>     'legacy': [False, True],
>>>     'chunker': [{'nchunks': 3}, {'nchunks': 4}, {'nchunks': 5}, {'nchunks': 7}, {'chunksize': 3}],
>>>     'items': [range(2), range(4), range(5), range(7), range(9)],
>>>     'bordermode': ['none', 'cycle', 'replicate'],
>>> }
>>> grid_items = list(ub.named_product(basis))
>>> rows = []
>>> for grid_item in ub.ProgIter(grid_items):
>>>     chunker = grid_item.get('chunker')
>>>     grid_item.update(chunker)
>>>     kw = ub.dict_diff(grid_item, {'chunker'})
>>>     self = chunk_iter = ub.chunks(**kw)
>>>     chunked = list(chunk_iter)
>>>     chunk_lens = list(map(len, chunked))
>>>     row = ub.dict_union(grid_item, {'chunk_lens': chunk_lens, 'chunks': chunked})
>>>     row['chunker'] = str(row['chunker'])
>>>     if not row['legacy'] and 'nchunks' in kw:
>>>         assert kw['nchunks'] == row['nchunks']
>>>     row.update(chunk_iter.__dict__)
>>>     rows.append(row)
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(rows)
>>> for _, subdf in df.groupby('chunker'):
>>>     print(subdf)

static noborder(items, chunksize)[source]¶

static cycle(items, chunksize)[source]¶

static replicate(items, chunksize)[source]¶

ubelt.util_list.compress(items, flags)[source]¶

Selects from items where the corresponding value in flags is True.

Parameters

items (Iterable[Any]) – a sequence to select items from
flags (Iterable[bool]) – corresponding sequence of bools

Returns

a subset of masked items

Return type

Iterable[Any]

Notes

This function is based on numpy.compress(), but is pure Python and swaps the condition and array argument to be consistent with ubelt.take().

This is equivalent to itertools.compress().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> flags = [False, True, True, False, True]
>>> list(ub.compress(items, flags))
[2, 3, 5]

ubelt.util_list.flatten(nested)[source]¶

Transforms a nested iterable into a flat iterable.

Parameters: nested (Iterable[Iterable[Any]]) – list of lists
Returns: flattened items
Return type: Iterable[Any]

Notes

Equivalent to more_itertools.flatten() and itertools.chain.from_iterable().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> nested = [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
>>> list(ub.flatten(nested))
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

ubelt.util_list.iter_window(iterable, size=2, step=1, wrap=False)[source]¶

Iterates through iterable with a window size. This is essentially a 1D sliding window.

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – an iterable sequence
size (int, default=2) – sliding window size
step (int, default=1) – sliding step size
wrap (bool, default=False) – wraparound flag

Returns

returns a possibly overlapping windows in a sequence

Return type

Iterable[T]

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.windowed(), Similar to more_itertools.pairwise(), Similar to more_itertools.triplewise(), Similar to more_itertools.sliding_window()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 1, True
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = %r' % (window_list,))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6), (5, 6, 1), (6, 1, 2)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, True
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 1)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, False
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = []
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, False
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = []

ubelt.util_list.iterable(obj, strok=False)[source]¶

Checks if the input implements the iterator interface. An exception is made for strings, which return False unless strok is True

Parameters

obj (object) – a scalar or iterable input
strok (bool, default=False) – if True allow strings to be interpreted as iterable

Returns

True if the input is iterable

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> obj_list = [3, [3], '3', (3,), [3, 4, 5], {}]
>>> result = [ub.iterable(obj) for obj in obj_list]
>>> assert result == [False, True, False, True, True, True]
>>> result = [ub.iterable(obj, strok=True) for obj in obj_list]
>>> assert result == [False, True, True, True, True, True]

ubelt.util_list.peek(iterable, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Look at the first item of an iterable. If the input is an iterator, then the next element is exhausted (i.e. a pop operation).

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – an iterable
default (T) – default item to return if the iterable is empty, otherwise a StopIteration error is raised

Returns

item - the first item of ordered sequence, a popped item from an: iterator, or an arbitrary item from an unordered collection.

Return type

T

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.peekable()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = [0, 1, 2]
>>> ub.peek(data)
0
>>> iterator = iter(data)
>>> print(ub.peek(iterator))
0
>>> print(ub.peek(iterator))
1
>>> print(ub.peek(iterator))
2
>>> ub.peek(range(3))
0
>>> ub.peek([], 3)
3

ubelt.util_list.take(items, indices, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Lookup a subset of an indexable object using a sequence of indices.

The items input is usually a list or dictionary. When items is a list, this should be a sequence of integers. When items is a dict, this is a list of keys to lookup in that dictionary.

For dictionaries, a default may be specified as a placeholder to use if a key from indices is not in items.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – An indexable object to select items from.
indices (Iterable[int | KT]) – A sequence of indexes into items.
default (Any, default=NoParam) – if specified items must support the get method.

Yields

VT – a selected item within the list

SeeAlso:: ubelt.dict_subset()

Note

ub.take(items, indices) is equivalent to (items[i] for i in indices) when default is unspecified.

Notes

This is based on the numpy.take() function, but written in pure python.

Do not confuse this with more_itertools.take(), the behavior is very different.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 1, 2, 3]
>>> indices = [2, 0]
>>> list(ub.take(items, indices))
[2, 0]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}
>>> keys = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> result = list(ub.take(dict_, keys, None))
>>> assert result == ['a', 'b', 'c', None, None]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}
>>> keys = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> try:
>>>     print(list(ub.take(dict_, keys)))
>>>     raise AssertionError('did not get key error')
>>> except KeyError:
>>>     print('correctly got key error')

ubelt.util_list.unique(items, key=None)[source]¶

Generates unique items in the order they appear.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – list of items
key (Callable[[T], Any], default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Yields

T – a unique item from the input sequence

Notes

Functionally equivalent to more_itertools.unique_everseen().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [4, 6, 6, 0, 6, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1]
>>> unique_items = list(ub.unique(items))
>>> assert unique_items == [4, 6, 0, 1, 2]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = ['A', 'a', 'b', 'B', 'C', 'c', 'D', 'e', 'D', 'E']
>>> unique_items = list(ub.unique(items, key=str.lower))
>>> assert unique_items == ['A', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'e']
>>> unique_items = list(ub.unique(items))
>>> assert unique_items == ['A', 'a', 'b', 'B', 'C', 'c', 'D', 'e', 'E']

ubelt.util_list.unique_flags(items, key=None)[source]¶

Returns a list of booleans corresponding to the first instance of each unique item.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT]) – indexable collection of items
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None, default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Returns

flags the items that are unique

Return type

List[bool]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 9, 2]
>>> flags = ub.unique_flags(items)
>>> assert flags == [True, True, True, False, False, True, False]
>>> flags = ub.unique_flags(items, key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
>>> assert flags == [True, False, True, False, False, False, False]

ubelt.util_memoize module¶

This module exposes decorators for in-memory caching of functional results. This is particularly useful when prototyping dynamic programming algorithms.

Either memoize(), memoize_method(), and memoize_property() should be used depending on what type of function is being wrapped. The following example demonstrates this.

In Python 3.8+ memoize() and memoize_method() work similarly to the standard library functools.cache() and functools.memoize_method(), but the ubelt version makes use of ubelt.util_hash.hash_data(), which is slower, but handles inputs containing mutable containers.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Memoize a function, the args are hashed
>>> @ub.memoize
>>> def func(a, b):
>>>     return a + b
>>> #
>>> class MyClass:
>>>     # Memoize a class method, the args are hashed
>>>     @ub.memoize_method
>>>     def my_method(self, a, b):
>>>         return a + b
>>>     #
>>>     # Memoize a property: there can be no args,
>>>     @ub.memoize_property
>>>     @property
>>>     def my_property1(self):
>>>         return 4
>>>     #
>>>     # The property decorator is optional
>>>     def my_property2(self):
>>>         return 5
>>> #
>>> func(1, 2)
>>> func(1, 2)
>>> self = MyClass()
>>> self.my_method(1, 2)
>>> self.my_method(1, 2)
>>> self.my_property1
>>> self.my_property1
>>> self.my_property2
>>> self.my_property2

ubelt.util_memoize.memoize(func)[source]¶

memoization decorator that respects args and kwargs

In Python 3.9. The functools introduces the cache method, which is currently faster than memoize for simple functions [FunctoolsCache]. However, memoize can handle more general non-natively hashable inputs.

Parameters: func (Callable) – live python function
Returns: memoized wrapper
Return type: Callable

References

WikiMemoize: https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary#Memoize
FunctoolsCache: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> closure = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
>>> incr = [0]
>>> def foo(key):
>>>     value = closure[key]
>>>     incr[0] += 1
>>>     return value
>>> foo_memo = ub.memoize(foo)
>>> assert foo('a') == 'b' and foo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 2
>>> print('Call memoized version')
>>> assert foo_memo('a') == 'b' and foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> assert foo_memo('a') == 'b' and foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> print('Counter should no longer increase')
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> print('Closure changes result without memoization')
>>> closure = {'a': 0, 'c': 1}
>>> assert foo('a') == 0 and foo('c') == 1
>>> assert incr[0] == 6
>>> assert foo_memo('a') == 'b' and foo_memo('c') == 'd'

class ubelt.util_memoize.memoize_method(func)[source]¶

Bases: object

memoization decorator for a method that respects args and kwargs

References

ActiveState_Miller_2010: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> closure = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
>>> incr = [0]
>>> class Foo(object):
>>>     @memoize_method
>>>     def foo_memo(self, key):
>>>         value = closure[key]
>>>         incr[0] += 1
>>>         return value
>>>     def foo(self, key):
>>>         value = closure[key]
>>>         incr[0] += 1
>>>         return value
>>> self = Foo()
>>> assert self.foo('a') == 'b' and self.foo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 2
>>> print('Call memoized version')
>>> assert self.foo_memo('a') == 'b' and self.foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> assert self.foo_memo('a') == 'b' and self.foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> print('Counter should no longer increase')
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> print('Closure changes result without memoization')
>>> closure = {'a': 0, 'c': 1}
>>> assert self.foo('a') == 0 and self.foo('c') == 1
>>> assert incr[0] == 6
>>> assert self.foo_memo('a') == 'b' and self.foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> print('Constructing a new object should get a new cache')
>>> self2 = Foo()
>>> self2.foo_memo('a')
>>> assert incr[0] == 7
>>> self2.foo_memo('a')
>>> assert incr[0] == 7

ubelt.util_memoize.memoize_property(fget)[source]¶

Return a property attribute for new-style classes that only calls its getter on the first access. The result is stored and on subsequent accesses is returned, preventing the need to call the getter any more.

This decorator can either be used by itself or by decorating another property. In either case the method will always become a property.

Note

implementation is a modified version of [estebistec_memoize].

References

estebistec_memoize: https://github.com/estebistec/python-memoized-property

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class C(object):
...     load_name_count = 0
...     @ub.memoize_property
...     def name(self):
...         "name's docstring"
...         self.load_name_count += 1
...         return "the name"
...     @ub.memoize_property
...     @property
...     def another_name(self):
...         "name's docstring"
...         self.load_name_count += 1
...         return "the name"
>>> c = C()
>>> c.load_name_count
0
>>> c.name
'the name'
>>> c.load_name_count
1
>>> c.name
'the name'
>>> c.load_name_count
1
>>> c.another_name

ubelt.util_mixins module¶

This module defines the NiceRepr mixin class, which defines a __repr__ and __str__ method that only depend on a custom __nice__ method, which you must define. This means you only have to overload one function instead of two. Furthermore, if the object defines a __len__ method, then the __nice__ method defaults to something sensible, otherwise it is treated as abstract and raises NotImplementedError.

To use simply have your object inherit from NiceRepr (multi-inheritance should be ok).

Example

>>> # Objects that define __nice__ have a default __str__ and __repr__
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Student(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __init__(self, name):
...        self.name = name
...    def __nice__(self):
...        return self.name
>>> s1 = Student('Alice')
>>> s2 = Student('Bob')
>>> # The __str__ representation looks nice
>>> print('s1 = {}'.format(s1))
>>> print('s2 = {}'.format(s2))
s1 = <Student(Alice)>
s2 = <Student(Bob)>
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> # The __repr__ representation also looks nice
>>> print('s1 = {!r}'.format(s1))
>>> print('s2 = {!r}'.format(s2))
s1 = <Student(Alice) at 0x7f2c5460aad0>
s2 = <Student(Bob) at 0x7f2c5460ad10>

Example

>>> # Objects that define __len__ have a default __nice__
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Group(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __init__(self, data):
...        self.data = data
...    def __len__(self):
...        return len(self.data)
>>> g = Group([1, 2, 3])
>>> print('g = {}'.format(g))
g = <Group(3)>

class ubelt.util_mixins.NiceRepr[source]¶

Bases: object

Inherit from this class and define __nice__ to “nicely” print your objects.

Defines __str__ and __repr__ in terms of __nice__ function Classes that inherit from NiceRepr should redefine __nice__. If the inheriting class has a __len__, method then the default __nice__ method will return its length.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Foo(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __nice__(self):
...        return 'info'
>>> foo = Foo()
>>> assert str(foo) == '<Foo(info)>'
>>> assert repr(foo).startswith('<Foo(info) at ')

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Bar(ub.NiceRepr):
...    pass
>>> bar = Bar()
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as record:
>>>     assert 'object at' in str(bar)
>>>     assert 'object at' in repr(bar)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Baz(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __len__(self):
...        return 5
>>> baz = Baz()
>>> assert str(baz) == '<Baz(5)>'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # If your nice message has a bug, it shouldn't bring down the house
>>> class Foo(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __nice__(self):
...        assert False
>>> foo = Foo()
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as record:
>>>     print('foo = {!r}'.format(foo))
foo = <...Foo ...>

ubelt.util_path module¶

Functions for working with filesystem paths.

The expandpath() function expands the tilde to $HOME and environment variables to their values.

The augpath() function creates variants of an existing path without having to spend multiple lines of code splitting it up and stitching it back together.

The shrinkuser() function replaces your home directory with a tilde.

The userhome() function reports the home directory of the current user of the operating system.

The ensuredir() function operates like mkdir -p in unix.

The Path object is an extension of pathlib.Path that contains extra convenience methods corresponding to the extra functional methods in this module.

class ubelt.util_path.Path(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Bases: pathlib.PosixPath

An extension of pathlib.Path with extra convenience methods

Note

New methods are:

augment
ensuredir
expand
expandvars
ls
shrinkuser
walk

New classmethods are:

appdir

Modified methods are:

touch

Example

>>> # Ubelt extends pathlib functionality
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path('~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path').expand().ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'text_file.txt'
>>> aug_fpath = fpath.augment(suffix='.aux', ext='.jpg').touch()
>>> aug_dpath = dpath.augment('demo_path2')
>>> assert aug_fpath.read_text() == ''
>>> fpath.write_text('text data')
>>> assert aug_fpath.exists()
>>> assert not aug_fpath.delete().exists()
>>> assert dpath.exists()
>>> assert not dpath.delete().exists()
>>> print(f'{str(fpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
>>> print(f'{str(dpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
>>> print(f'{str(aug_fpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
>>> print(f'{str(aug_dpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path/text_file.txt
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path/text_file.aux.jpg
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_pathdemo_path2

classmethod appdir(appname, *args, type='cache')[source]¶

Returns an operating system appropriate writable directory for an application to be used for cache, configs, or data.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args[str] – optional subdirs
type (str) – can be ‘cache’, ‘config’, or ‘data’.

Returns

a new path object

Return type

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='cache').shrinkuser())
>>> print(ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='config').shrinkuser())
>>> print(ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='data').shrinkuser())
~/.cache/ubelt
~/.config/ubelt
~/.local/share/ubelt
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(KeyError):
>>>     ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='other')

augment(suffix='', prefix='', ext=None, stem=None, dpath=None, tail='', relative=None, multidot=False)[source]¶

Create a new path with a different extension, basename, directory, prefix, and/or suffix.

See augpath() for more details.

Parameters

suffix (str) – Text placed between the stem and extension. Default to ‘’.
prefix (str) – Text placed in front of the stem. Defaults to ‘’.
ext (str | None) – If specified, replaces the extension
stem (str | None) – If specified, replaces the stem (i.e. basename without extension). Note: named base in augpath().
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – If specified, replaces the specified “relative” directory, which by default is the parent directory.
tail (str | None) – If specified, appends this text to the extension.
relative (str | PathLike | None) – Replaces relative with dpath in path. Has no effect if dpath is not specified. Defaults to the dirname of the input path. experimental not currently implemented.
multidot (bool) – Allows extensions to contain multiple dots. Specifically, if False, everything after the last dot in the basename is the extension. If True, everything after the first dot in the basename is the extension.

Returns

augmented path

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = ub.Path('foo.bar')
>>> suffix = '_suff'
>>> prefix = 'pref_'
>>> ext = '.baz'
>>> newpath = path.augment(suffix, prefix, ext=ext, stem='bar')
>>> print('newpath = {!r}'.format(newpath))
newpath = Path('pref_bar_suff.baz')

delete()[source]¶

Removes a file or recursively removes a directory. If a path does not exist, then this is does nothing.

SeeAlso:: ubelt.delete()

Returns: reference to self
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> base = ub.Path(ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'delete_test2'))
>>> dpath1 = (base / 'dir').ensuredir()
>>> (base / 'dir' / 'subdir').ensuredir()
>>> (base / 'dir' / 'to_remove1.txt').touch()
>>> fpath1 = (base / 'dir' / 'subdir' / 'to_remove3.txt').touch()
>>> fpath2 = (base / 'dir' / 'subdir' / 'to_remove2.txt').touch()
>>> assert all(p.exists() for p in [dpath1, fpath1, fpath2])
>>> fpath1.delete()
>>> assert all(p.exists() for p in [dpath1, fpath2])
>>> assert not fpath1.exists()
>>> dpath1.delete()
>>> assert not any(p.exists() for p in [dpath1, fpath1, fpath2])

ensuredir(mode=511)[source]¶

Concise alias of self.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

Returns: returns itself
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> cache_dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> dpath = ub.Path(join(cache_dpath, 'ensuredir'))
>>> if dpath.exists():
...     os.rmdir(dpath)
>>> assert not dpath.exists()
>>> dpath.ensuredir()
>>> assert dpath.exists()
>>> dpath.rmdir()

expand()[source]¶

Expands user tilde and environment variables.

Concise alias of Path(os.path.expandvars(self.expanduser()))

Returns: path with expanded environment variables and tildes
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> #home_v1 = ub.Path('$HOME').expand()
>>> home_v2 = ub.Path('~/').expand()
>>> assert isinstance(home_v2, ub.Path)
>>> home_v3 = ub.Path.home()
>>> #print('home_v1 = {!r}'.format(home_v1))
>>> print('home_v2 = {!r}'.format(home_v2))
>>> print('home_v3 = {!r}'.format(home_v3))
>>> assert home_v3 == home_v2 # == home_v1

expandvars()[source]¶

As discussed in [CPythonIssue21301], CPython won’t be adding expandvars to pathlib. I think this is a mistake, so I added it in this extension.

Returns: path with expanded environment variables
Return type: Path

References

CPythonIssue21301: https://bugs.python.org/issue21301

ls()[source]¶

A convenience function to list all paths in a directory.

This is simply a wraper around iterdir that returns the results as a list instead of a generator. This is mainly for faster navigation in IPython. In production code iterdir should be used instead.

Returns: List[Path]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/ls')
>>> (self / 'dir1').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'dir2').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'file1').touch()
>>> (self / 'file2').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir1/file3').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir2/file4').touch()
>>> children = self.ls()
>>> assert isinstance(children, list)
>>> print(ub.repr2(sorted([p.relative_to(self) for p in children])))
[
    Path('dir1'),
    Path('dir2'),
    Path('file1'),
    Path('file2'),
]

shrinkuser(home='~')[source]¶

Inverse of os.path.expanduser().

Parameters: home (str) – symbol used to replace the home path. Defaults to ‘~’, but you might want to use ‘$HOME’ or ‘%USERPROFILE%’ instead.
Returns: path - shortened path replacing the home directory with a symbol
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = ub.Path('~').expand()
>>> assert str(path.shrinkuser()) == '~'
>>> assert str(ub.Path((str(path) + '1')).shrinkuser()) == str(path) + '1'
>>> assert str((path / '1').shrinkuser()) == join('~', '1')
>>> assert str((path / '1').shrinkuser('$HOME')) == join('$HOME', '1')
>>> assert str(ub.Path('.').shrinkuser()) == '.'

touch(mode=438, exist_ok=True)[source]¶

Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn’t exist.

Returns: returns itself
Return type: Path

Notes

The ubelt.util_io.touch() function currently has a slightly different implementation. This uses whatever the pathlib version is. This may change in the future.

walk(topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)[source]¶

A variant of os.walk for pathlib

Parameters

topdown (bool) – if True starts yield nodes closer to the root first otherwise yield nodes closer to the leaves first.
onerror (Callable[[OSError], None]) – A function with one argument of type OSError. If the error is raised the walk is aborted, otherwise it continues.
followlinks (bool) – if True recurse into symbolic directory links

Yields

Tuple[‘Path’, str, str] – the root, file names, and directory names

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/ls')
>>> (self / 'dir1').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'dir2').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'file1').touch()
>>> (self / 'file2').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir1/file3').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir2/file4').touch()
>>> subdirs = list(self.walk())
>>> assert len(subdirs) == 3

class ubelt.util_path.TempDir[source]¶

Bases: object

Context for creating and cleaning up temporary directories.

Note

This class will be DEPRECATED. The exact deprecation version and mitigation plan has not yet been developed.

Note

This exists because tempfile.TemporaryDirectory was introduced in Python 3.2. Thus once ubelt no longer supports python 2.7, this class will be deprecated.

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> with TempDir() as self:
>>>     dpath = self.dpath
>>>     assert exists(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(dpath)

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> self = TempDir()
>>> dpath = self.ensure()
>>> assert exists(dpath)
>>> self.cleanup()
>>> assert not exists(dpath)

ensure()[source]¶

cleanup()[source]¶

start()[source]¶

ubelt.util_path.augpath(path, suffix='', prefix='', ext=None, tail='', base=None, dpath=None, relative=None, multidot=False)[source]¶

Create a new path with a different extension, basename, directory, prefix, and/or suffix.

A prefix is inserted before the basename. A suffix is inserted between the basename and the extension. The basename and extension can be replaced with a new one. Essentially a path is broken down into components (dpath, base, ext), and then recombined as (dpath, prefix, base, suffix, ext) after replacing any specified component.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – a path to augment
suffix (str) – placed between the basename and extension
prefix (str) – placed in front of the basename
ext (str | None) – if specified, replaces the extension
tail (str | None) – If specified, appends this text to the extension
base (str | None) – if specified, replaces the basename without extension. Note: this is referred to as stem in ub.Path.
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – if specified, replaces the specified “relative” directory, which by default is the parent directory.
relative (str | PathLike | None) – Replaces relative with dpath in path. Has no effect if dpath is not specified. Defaults to the dirname of the input path. experimental not currently implemented.
multidot (bool) – Allows extensions to contain multiple dots. Specifically, if False, everything after the last dot in the basename is the extension. If True, everything after the first dot in the basename is the extension.

Returns

augmented path

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = 'foo.bar'
>>> suffix = '_suff'
>>> prefix = 'pref_'
>>> ext = '.baz'
>>> newpath = ub.augpath(path, suffix, prefix, ext=ext, base='bar')
>>> print('newpath = %s' % (newpath,))
newpath = pref_bar_suff.baz

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> augpath('foo.bar')
'foo.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', ext='.BAZ')
'foo.BAZ'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', suffix='_')
'foo_.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', prefix='_')
'_foo.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', base='baz')
'baz.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', ext='.zip', multidot=True)
foo.zip
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', ext='.zip', multidot=False)
foo.tar.zip
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', suffix='_new', multidot=True)
foo_new.tar.gz
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', suffix='_new', tail='.cache', multidot=True)
foo_new.tar.gz.cache

ubelt.util_path.shrinkuser(path, home='~')[source]¶

Inverse of os.path.expanduser().

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – path in system file structure
home (str) – symbol used to replace the home path. Defaults to ‘~’, but you might want to use ‘$HOME’ or ‘%USERPROFILE%’ instead.

Returns

path - shortened path replacing the home directory with a symbol

Return type

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> path = expanduser('~')
>>> assert path != '~'
>>> assert shrinkuser(path) == '~'
>>> assert shrinkuser(path + '1') == path + '1'
>>> assert shrinkuser(path + '/1') == join('~', '1')
>>> assert shrinkuser(path + '/1', '$HOME') == join('$HOME', '1')
>>> assert shrinkuser('.') == '.'

ubelt.util_path.userhome(username=None)[source]¶

Returns the path to some user’s home directory.

Parameters

username (str | None) – name of a user on the system. If not specified, the current user is inferred.

Returns

userhome_dpath - path to the specified home directory

Return type

Raises

KeyError – if the specified user does not exist on the system
OSError – if username is unspecified and the current user cannot be inferred

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import getpass
>>> username = getpass.getuser()
>>> assert userhome() == expanduser('~')
>>> assert userhome(username) == expanduser('~')

ubelt.util_path.ensuredir(dpath, mode=1023, verbose=0, recreate=False)[source]¶

Ensures that directory will exist. Creates new dir with sticky bits by default

Parameters

dpath (str | PathLike | Tuple[str | PathLike]) – dir to ensure. Can also be a tuple to send to join
mode (int) – octal mode of directory
verbose (int) – verbosity
recreate (bool) – if True removes the directory and all of its contents and creates a fresh new directory. USE CAREFULLY.

Returns

path - the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: ubelt.Path.ensuredir()

Note

This function is not thread-safe in Python2

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> cache_dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> dpath = join(cache_dpath, 'ensuredir')
>>> if exists(dpath):
...     os.rmdir(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(dpath)
>>> ub.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> assert exists(dpath)
>>> os.rmdir(dpath)

ubelt.util_path.expandpath(path)[source]¶

Shell-like environment variable and tilde path expansion.

Parameters: path (str | PathLike) – string representation of a path
Returns: expanded path
Return type: str

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert normpath(ub.expandpath('~/foo')) == join(ub.userhome(), 'foo')
>>> assert ub.expandpath('foo') == 'foo'

ubelt.util_platform module¶

The goal of this module is to provide an idiomatic cross-platform pattern of accessing platform dependent file systems.

Standard application directory structure: cache, config, and other XDG standards [XDG_Spec]. This is similar to the more focused appdirs module [AS_appdirs]. In the future ubelt may directly use appdirs.

Note

Table mapping the type of directory to the system default environment variable. Inspired by [SO_43853548], [SO_11113974], and [harawata_appdirs].

       | Linux            | Win32          |   Darwin
data   | $XDG_DATA_HOME   | %APPDATA%      | ~/Library/Application Support
config | $XDG_CONFIG_HOME | %APPDATA%      | ~/Library/Application Support
cache  | $XDG_CACHE_HOME  | %LOCALAPPDATA% | ~/Library/Caches


If an environment variable is not specified the defaults are:
    APPDATA      = ~/AppData/Roaming
    LOCALAPPDATA = ~/AppData/Local

    XDG_DATA_HOME   = ~/.local/share
    XDG_CACHE_HOME  = ~/.cache
    XDG_CONFIG_HOME = ~/.config

References

XDG_Spec: https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html
SO_43853548: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43853548/xdg-windows
SO_11113974: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11113974/cross-plat-path
harawata_appdirs: https://github.com/harawata/appdirs#supported-directories
AS_appdirs: https://github.com/ActiveState/appdirs

ubelt.util_platform.find_exe(name, multi=False, path=None)[source]¶

Locate a command.

Search your local filesystem for an executable and return the first matching file with executable permission.

Parameters

name (str | PathLike) – globstr of matching filename
multi (bool, default=False) – if True return all matches instead of just the first.
path (str | PathLike | Iterable[str | PathLike] | None, default=None) – overrides the system PATH variable.

Returns

returns matching executable(s).

Return type

str | List[str] | None

SeeAlso:: shutil.which() - which is available in Python 3.3+.

Note

This is essentially the which UNIX command

References

SO_377017: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/377017/test-if-executable-exists-in-python/377028#377028
shutil_which: https://docs.python.org/dev/library/shutil.html#shutil.which

Example

>>> find_exe('ls')
>>> find_exe('ping')
>>> assert find_exe('which') == find_exe(find_exe('which'))
>>> find_exe('which', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('ping', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('cmake', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('nvcc', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('noexist', multi=True)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert not ub.find_exe('noexist', multi=False)
>>> assert ub.find_exe('ping', multi=False) or ub.find_exe('ls', multi=False)
>>> assert not ub.find_exe('noexist', multi=True)
>>> assert ub.find_exe('ping', multi=True) or ub.find_exe('ls', multi=True)

Benchmark:

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import shutil
>>> for timer in ub.Timerit(100, bestof=10, label='ub.find_exe'):
>>>     ub.find_exe('which')
>>> for timer in ub.Timerit(100, bestof=10, label='shutil.which'):
>>>     shutil.which('which')
Timed best=58.71 µs, mean=59.64 ± 0.96 µs for ub.find_exe
Timed best=72.75 µs, mean=73.07 ± 0.22 µs for shutil.which

ubelt.util_platform.find_path(name, path=None, exact=False)[source]¶

Search for a file or directory on your local filesystem by name (file must be in a directory specified in a PATH environment variable)

Parameters

name (str | PathLike) – file name to match. If exact is False this may be a glob pattern
path (str | Iterable[str | PathLike], default=None) – list of directories to search either specified as an os.pathsep separated string or a list of directories. Defaults to environment PATH.
exact (bool, default=False) – if True, only returns exact matches.

Yields

str – candidate - a path that matches name

Note

Running with name='' (i.e. ub.find_path('')) will simply yield all directories in your PATH.

Note

For recursive behavior set path=(d for d, _, _ in os.walk('.')), where ‘.’ might be replaced by the root directory of interest.

Example

>>> list(find_path('ping', exact=True))
>>> list(find_path('bin'))
>>> list(find_path('*cc*'))
>>> list(find_path('cmake*'))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import dirname
>>> path = dirname(dirname(ub.util_platform.__file__))
>>> res = sorted(find_path('ubelt/util_*.py', path=path))
>>> assert len(res) >= 10
>>> res = sorted(find_path('ubelt/util_platform.py', path=path, exact=True))
>>> print(res)
>>> assert len(res) == 1

ubelt.util_platform.ensure_app_cache_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_cache_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_cache_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.util_platform.ensure_app_config_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_config_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_config_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_config_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.util_platform.ensure_app_data_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_data_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_data_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_data_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.util_platform.get_app_cache_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application. This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

Returns

dpath - writable cache directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_cache_dir()

ubelt.util_platform.get_app_config_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application This should be used for persistent configuration files.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

dpath - writable config directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_config_dir()

ubelt.util_platform.get_app_data_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application. This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

dpath - writable data directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_data_dir()

ubelt.util_platform.platform_cache_dir()[source]¶

Returns a directory which should be writable for any application This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Returns: path to the cache dir used by the current operating system
Return type: str

ubelt.util_platform.platform_config_dir()[source]¶

Returns a directory which should be writable for any application This should be used for persistent configuration files.

Returns: path to the cache dir used by the current operating system
Return type: str

ubelt.util_platform.platform_data_dir()[source]¶

Returns path for user-specific data files

Returns: path to the data dir used by the current operating system
Return type: str

ubelt.util_str module¶

Functions for working with text and strings.

The ensure_unicode() function does its best to coerce Python 2/3 bytes and text into a consistent unicode text representation.

The codeblock() and paragraph() wrap multiline strings to help write text blocks without hindering the surrounding code indentation.

The hzcat() function horizontally concatenates multiline text.

The indent() prefixes all lines in a text block with a given prefix. By default that prefix is 4 spaces.

ubelt.util_str.indent(text, prefix=' ')[source]¶

Indents a block of text

Parameters

text (str) – text to indent
prefix (str, default = ‘ ‘) – prefix to add to each line

Returns

indented text

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> NL = chr(10)  # newline character
>>> text = 'Lorem ipsum' + NL + 'dolor sit amet'
>>> prefix = '    '
>>> result = ub.indent(text, prefix)
>>> assert all(t.startswith(prefix) for t in result.split(NL))

ubelt.util_str.codeblock(text)[source]¶

Create a block of text that preserves all newlines and relative indentation

Wraps multiline string blocks and returns unindented code. Useful for templated code defined in indented parts of code.

Parameters: text (str) – typically a multiline string
Returns: the unindented string
Return type: str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Simulate an indented part of code
>>> if True:
>>>     # notice the indentation on this will be normal
>>>     codeblock_version = ub.codeblock(
...             '''
...             def foo():
...                 return 'bar'
...             '''
...         )
>>>     # notice the indentation and newlines on this will be odd
>>>     normal_version = ('''
...         def foo():
...             return 'bar'
...     ''')
>>> assert normal_version != codeblock_version
>>> print('Without codeblock')
>>> print(normal_version)
>>> print('With codeblock')
>>> print(codeblock_version)

ubelt.util_str.paragraph(text)[source]¶

Wraps multi-line strings and restructures the text to remove all newlines, heading, trailing, and double spaces.

Useful for writing log messages

Parameters: text (str) – typically a multiline string
Returns: the reduced text block
Return type: str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> text = (
>>>     '''
>>>     Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
>>>     elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et
>>>     dolore magna aliqua.
>>>     ''')
>>> out = ub.paragraph(text)
>>> assert chr(10) in text
>>> assert chr(10) not in out
>>> print('text = {!r}'.format(text))
>>> print('out = {!r}'.format(out))

ubelt.util_str.hzcat(args, sep='')[source]¶

Horizontally concatenates strings preserving indentation

Concatenates a list of objects ensuring that the next item in the list is all the way to the right of any previous items.

Parameters

args (List[str]) – strings to concatenate
sep (str, default=’’) – separator

Example1:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> B = ub.repr2([[1, 2], [3, 457]], nl=1, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> C = ub.repr2([[5, 6], [7, 8]], nl=1, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> args = ['A = ', B, ' * ', C]
>>> print(ub.hzcat(args))
A = [[1, 2],   * [[5, 6],
     [3, 457]]    [7, 8]]

Example2:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import unicodedata
>>> aa = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', 'á')  # a unicode char with len2
>>> B = ub.repr2([['θ', aa], [aa, aa, aa]], nl=1, si=True, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> C = ub.repr2([[5, 6], [7, 'θ']], nl=1, si=True, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> args = ['A', '=', B, '*', C]
>>> print(ub.hzcat(args, sep='｜'))
A｜=｜[[θ, á],   ｜*｜[[5, 6],
 ｜ ｜ [á, á, á]]｜ ｜ [7, θ]]

ubelt.util_str.ensure_unicode(text)[source]¶

Casts bytes into utf8 (mostly for python2 compatibility)

Parameters: text (str | bytes) – text to ensure is decoded as unicode
Returns: str

References

[SO_12561063] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12561063/extract-data-from-file

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_str import *
>>> import codecs  # NOQA
>>> assert ensure_unicode('my ünicôdé strįng') == 'my ünicôdé strįng'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('text1') == 'text1'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('text1'.encode('utf8')) == 'text1'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('ï»¿text1'.encode('utf8')) == 'ï»¿text1'
>>> assert (codecs.BOM_UTF8 + 'text»¿'.encode('utf8')).decode('utf8')

ubelt.util_stream module¶

Functions for capturing and redirecting IO streams.

The CaptureStdout captures all text sent to stdout and optionally prevents it from actually reaching stdout.

The TeeStringIO does the same thing but for arbitrary streams. It is how the former is implemented.

class ubelt.util_stream.TeeStringIO(redirect=None)[source]¶

Bases: _io.StringIO

An IO object that writes to itself and another IO stream.

Variables: redirect (io.IOBase) – The other stream to write to.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> redirect = io.StringIO()
>>> self = ub.TeeStringIO(redirect)

isatty()[source]¶: Returns true of the redirect is a terminal.

Note

Needed for IPython.embed to work properly when this class is used to override stdout / stderr.

fileno()[source]¶

Returns underlying file descriptor of the redirected IOBase object if one exists.

Example

>>> # Not sure the best way to test, this func is important for
>>> # capturing stdout when ipython embedding
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(io.UnsupportedOperation):
>>>     TeeStringIO(redirect=io.StringIO()).fileno()
>>> with pytest.raises(io.UnsupportedOperation):
>>>     TeeStringIO(None).fileno()

property encoding¶

Gets the encoding of the redirect IO object

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> redirect = io.StringIO()
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(redirect).encoding is None
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(None).encoding is None
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(sys.stdout).encoding is sys.stdout.encoding
>>> redirect = io.TextIOWrapper(io.StringIO())
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(redirect).encoding is redirect.encoding

write(msg)[source]¶: Write to this and the redirected stream

flush()[source]¶: Flush to this and the redirected stream

class ubelt.util_stream.CaptureStdout(suppress=True, enabled=True)[source]¶

Bases: ubelt.util_stream.CaptureStream

Context manager that captures stdout and stores it in an internal stream

Parameters

suppress (bool, default=True) – if True, stdout is not printed while captured
enabled (bool, default=True) – does nothing if this is False
**kwargs – used for backwards compatibility with misspelled deprecated params.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.CaptureStdout(suppress=True)
>>> print('dont capture the table flip (╯°□°）╯︵ ┻━┻')
>>> with self:
...     text = 'capture the heart ♥'
...     print(text)
>>> print('dont capture look of disapproval ಠ_ಠ')
>>> assert isinstance(self.text, str)
>>> assert self.text == text + '\n', 'failed capture text'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.CaptureStdout(suppress=False)
>>> with self:
...     print('I am captured and printed in stdout')
>>> assert self.text.strip() == 'I am captured and printed in stdout'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.CaptureStdout(suppress=True, enabled=False)
>>> with self:
...     print('dont capture')
>>> assert self.text is None

log_part()[source]¶: Log what has been captured so far

start()[source]¶

stop()[source]¶

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.CaptureStdout(enabled=False).stop()
>>> ub.CaptureStdout(enabled=True).stop()

close()[source]¶

class ubelt.util_stream.CaptureStream[source]¶

Bases: object

Generic class for capturing streaming output from stdout or stderr

ubelt.util_time module¶

This is util_time, it contains functions for handling time related code.

The timestamp() function returns an iso8601 timestamp without much fuss.

The timeparse() is the inverse of timestamp, and makes use of dateutil if it is available.

The Timer class is a context manager that times a block of indented code. It includes tic and toc methods a more matlab like feel.

Timerit is gone! Use the standalone and separate module :module:`timerit`.

ubelt.util_zip module¶

Abstractions for working with zipfiles and archives

This may be renamed to util_archive in the future.

The ubelt.split_archive() works with paths that reference a file inside of an archive (e.g. a zipfile). It splits it into two parts, the full path to the archive and then the path to the file inside of the archive. By convention these are separated with either a pathsep or a colon.

The ubelt.zopen() works to open a file that lives inside of an archive without the user needing to worry about extracting it first. When possible it will read it directly from the archive, but in some cases it may extract it to a temporary directory first.

class ubelt.util_zip.zopen(fpath, mode='r', seekable=False, ext='.zip')[source]¶

Bases: ubelt.util_mixins.NiceRepr

An abstraction of the normal open() function that can also handle reading data directly inside of zipfiles.

This is a file-object like interface [FileObj] — i.e. it supports the read and write methods to an underlying resource.

Can open a file normally or open a file within a zip file (readonly). Tries to read from memory only, but will extract to a tempfile if necessary.

Just treat the zipfile like a directory, e.g. /path/to/myzip.zip/compressed/path.txt OR? e.g. /path/to/myzip.zip:compressed/path.txt

References

FileObj: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-object

Todo

[ ] Fast way to open a base zipfile, query what is inside, and
then choose a file to further zopen (and passing along the same open zipfile reference maybe?).
[ ] Write mode in some restricted setting?

Parameters

fpath (str | PathLike) – path to a file, or a special path that denotes both a path to a zipfile and a path to a archived file inside of the zipfile.
mode (str) – Currently only “r” - readonly mode is supported
seekable (bool) – If True, attempts to force “seekability” of the underlying file-object, for compressed files this will first extract the file to a temporary location on disk. If False, any underlying compressed file will be opened directly which may result in the object being non-seekable.
ext (str) – The extension of the zipfile. Modify this is a non-standard extension is used (e.g. for torch packages).

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_zip import *  # NOQA
>>> import pickle
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt/tests/util_zip')
>>> dpath = ub.Path(dpath)
>>> data_fpath = dpath / 'test.pkl'
>>> data = {'demo': 'data'}
>>> with open(str(data_fpath), 'wb') as file:
>>>     pickle.dump(data, file)
>>> # Write data
>>> import zipfile
>>> zip_fpath = dpath / 'test_zip.archive'
>>> stl_w_zfile = zipfile.ZipFile(os.fspath(zip_fpath), mode='w')
>>> stl_w_zfile.write(os.fspath(data_fpath), os.fspath(data_fpath.relative_to(dpath)))
>>> stl_w_zfile.close()
>>> stl_r_zfile = zipfile.ZipFile(os.fspath(zip_fpath), mode='r')
>>> stl_r_zfile.namelist()
>>> stl_r_zfile.close()
>>> # Test zopen
>>> self = zopen(zip_fpath / 'test.pkl', mode='rb', ext='.archive')
>>> print(self._split_archive())
>>> print(self.namelist())
>>> self.close()
>>> self = zopen(zip_fpath / 'test.pkl', mode='rb', ext='.archive')
>>> recon1 = pickle.loads(self.read())
>>> self.close()
>>> self = zopen(zip_fpath / 'test.pkl', mode='rb', ext='.archive')
>>> recon2 = pickle.load(self)
>>> self.close()
>>> assert recon1 == recon2
>>> assert recon1 is not recon2

Example

>>> # Test we can load json data from a zipfile
>>> from ubelt.util_zip import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import json
>>> import zipfile
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt/tests/util_zip')
>>> infopath = join(dpath, 'info.json')
>>> ub.writeto(infopath, '{"x": "1"}')
>>> zippath = join(dpath, 'infozip.zip')
>>> internal = 'folder/info.json'
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile(zippath, 'w') as myzip:
>>>     myzip.write(infopath, internal)
>>> fpath = zippath + '/' + internal
>>> # Test context manager
>>> with zopen(fpath, 'r') as self:
>>>     info2 = json.load(self)
>>>     assert info2['x'] == '1'
>>> # Test outside of context manager
>>> self = zopen(fpath, 'r')
>>> print(self._split_archive())
>>> info2 = json.load(self)
>>> assert info2['x'] == '1'
>>> # Test nice repr (with zfile)
>>> print('self = {!r}'.format(self))
>>> self.close()

Example

>>> # Coverage tests --- move to unit-test
>>> from ubelt.util_zip import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import json
>>> import zipfile
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt/tests/util_zip')
>>> textpath = join(dpath, 'seekable_test.txt')
>>> text = chr(10).join(['line{}'.format(i) for i in range(10)])
>>> ub.writeto(textpath, text)
>>> zippath = join(dpath, 'seekable_test.zip')
>>> internal = 'folder/seekable_test.txt'
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile(zippath, 'w') as myzip:
>>>     myzip.write(textpath, internal)
>>> ub.delete(textpath)
>>> fpath = zippath + '/' + internal
>>> # Test seekable
>>> self_seekable = zopen(fpath, 'r', seekable=True)
>>> assert self_seekable.seekable()
>>> self_seekable.seek(8)
>>> assert self_seekable.readline() == 'ne1' + chr(10)
>>> assert self_seekable.readline() == 'line2' + chr(10)
>>> self_seekable.seek(8)
>>> assert self_seekable.readline() == 'ne1' + chr(10)
>>> assert self_seekable.readline() == 'line2' + chr(10)
>>> # Test non-seekable?
>>> # Sometimes non-seekable files are still seekable
>>> maybe_seekable = zopen(fpath, 'r', seekable=False)
>>> if maybe_seekable.seekable():
>>>     maybe_seekable.seek(8)
>>>     assert maybe_seekable.readline() == 'ne1' + chr(10)
>>>     assert maybe_seekable.readline() == 'line2' + chr(10)
>>>     maybe_seekable.seek(8)
>>>     assert maybe_seekable.readline() == 'ne1' + chr(10)
>>>     assert maybe_seekable.readline() == 'line2' + chr(10)

Example

>>> # More coverage tests --- move to unit-test
>>> from ubelt.util_zip import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import pytest
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt/tests/util_zip')
>>> with pytest.raises(OSError):
>>>     self = zopen('', 'r')
>>> # Test open non-zip exsting file
>>> existing_fpath = join(dpath, 'exists.json')
>>> ub.writeto(existing_fpath, '{"x": "1"}')
>>> self = zopen(existing_fpath, 'r')
>>> assert self.read() == '{"x": "1"}'
>>> # Test dir
>>> dir(self)
>>> # Test nice
>>> print(self)
>>> print('self = {!r}'.format(self))
>>> self.close()
>>> # Test open non-zip non-existing file
>>> nonexisting_fpath = join(dpath, 'does-not-exist.txt')
>>> ub.delete(nonexisting_fpath)
>>> with pytest.raises(OSError):
>>>     self = zopen(nonexisting_fpath, 'r')
>>> with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
>>>     self = zopen(nonexisting_fpath, 'w')
>>> # Test nice-repr
>>> self = zopen(existing_fpath, 'r')
>>> print('self = {!r}'.format(self))
>>> # pathological
>>> self = zopen(existing_fpath, 'r')
>>> self._handle = None
>>> dir(self)

property zfile¶: Access the underlying archive file

namelist()[source]¶: Lists the contents of this zipfile

ubelt.util_zip.split_archive(fpath, ext='.zip')[source]¶

If fpath specifies a file inside a zipfile, it breaks it into two parts the path to the zipfile and the internal path in the zipfile.

Example

>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.txt')
>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.zip/bar.txt')
>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip/bar.py')
>>> split_archive('archive.zip')
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> split_archive(ub.Path('/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip/bar.py'))
>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.zip/baz.pt/bar.zip/bar.zip', '.pt')

Todo

Fix got/want for win32

(None, None) (‘/a/b/foo.zip’, ‘bar.txt’) (‘/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip’, ‘bar.py’) (‘archive.zip’, None) (‘/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip’, ‘bar.py’) (‘/a/b/foo.zip/baz.pt’, ‘bar.zip/bar.zip’)

Module contents¶

UBelt is a “utility belt” of commonly needed utility and helper functions. It is a currated collection of top-level utilities with functionality that falls into a mixture of categories.

The source code is available at https://github.com/Erotemic/ubelt. We also have Jupyter notebook demos.

The ubelt API is organized by submodules containing related functionality. Each submodule contains top level overview documentation, and each function contains a docstring with at least one example.

NOTE: The README on github contains information and examples complementary to these docs.

class ubelt.AutoDict[source]¶

Bases: dict

An infinitely nested default dict of dicts.

Implementation of Perl’s autovivification feature.

SeeAlso:: AutoOrderedDict - the ordered version

References

SO_651794: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/651794/init-dict-of-dicts

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> auto = ub.AutoDict()
>>> auto[0][10][100] = None
>>> assert str(auto) == '{0: {10: {100: None}}}'

to_dict()[source]¶

Recursively casts a AutoDict into a regular dictionary. All nested AutoDict values are also converted.

Returns: a copy of this dict without autovivification
Return type: dict

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_dict import AutoDict
>>> auto = AutoDict()
>>> auto[1] = 1
>>> auto['n1'] = AutoDict()
>>> static = auto.to_dict()
>>> assert not isinstance(static, AutoDict)
>>> assert not isinstance(static['n1'], AutoDict)

class ubelt.AutoOrderedDict[source]¶

Bases: collections.OrderedDict, ubelt.util_dict.AutoDict

An infinitely nested default dict of dicts that maintains the ordering of items.

SeeAlso:: AutoDict - the unordered version of this class

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> auto = ub.AutoOrderedDict()
>>> auto[0][3] = 3
>>> auto[0][2] = 2
>>> auto[0][1] = 1
>>> assert list(auto[0].values()) == [3, 2, 1]

class ubelt.CacheStamp(fname, dpath, cfgstr=None, product=None, hasher='sha1', verbose=None, enabled=True, depends=None, meta=None, hash_prefix=None, expires=None, ext='.pkl')[source]¶

Bases: object

Quickly determine if a file-producing computation has been done.

Check if the computation needs to be redone by calling expired. If the stamp is not expired, the user can expect that the results exist and could be loaded. If the stamp is expired, the computation should be redone. After the result is updated, the calls renew, which writes a “stamp” file to disk that marks that the procedure has been done.

There are several ways to control how a stamp expires. At a bare minimum, removing the stamp file will force expiration. However, in this circumstance CacheStamp only knows that something has been done, but it doesn’t have any information about what was done, so in general this is not sufficient.

To achieve more robust expiration behavior, the user should specify the product argument, which is a list of file paths that are expected to exist whenever the stamp is renewed. When this is specified the CacheStamp will expire if any of these products are deleted, their size changes, their modified timestamp changes, or their hash (i.e. checksum) changes. Note that by setting hasher=None, running and verifying checksums can be disabled.

If the user knows what the hash of the file should be this can be specified to prevent renewal of the stamp unless these match the files on disk. This can be useful for security purposes.

The stamp can also be set to expire at a specified time or after a specified duration using the expires argument.

Parameters

fname (str) – Name of the stamp file
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – Where to store the cached stamp file
product (str | PathLike | Sequence[str | PathLike] | None) – Path or paths that we expect the computation to produce. If specified the hash of the paths are stored.
hasher (str, default=’sha1’) – The type of hasher used to compute the file hash of product. If None, then we assume the file has not been corrupted or changed if the mtime and size are the same. Defaults to sha1.
verbose (bool, default=None) – Passed to internal ubelt.Cacher object
enabled (bool, default=True) – if False, expired always returns True
depends (str | List[str] | None) – Indicate dependencies of this cache. If the dependencies change, then the cache is recomputed. New to CacheStamp in version 0.9.2, replaces cfgstr.
meta (object | None) – Metadata that is also saved with the cfgstr. This can be useful to indicate how the cfgstr was constructed. New to CacheStamp in version 0.9.2. Note: this is a candidate for deprecation.
expires (str | int | datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta | None) – If specified, sets an expiration date for the certificate. This can be an absolute datetime or a timedelta offset. If specified as an int, this is interpreted as a time delta in seconds. If specified as a str, this is interpreted as an absolute timestamp. Time delta offsets are coerced to absolute times at “renew” time.
hash_prefix (None | str | List[str]) – If specified, we verify that these match the hash(s) of the product(s) in the stamp certificate.
ext (str, default=’.pkl’) – File extension for the cache format. Can be '.pkl' or '.json'.
cfgstr (str | None) – DEPRECATED in favor or depends.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Stamp the computation of expensive-to-compute.txt
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/cache-stamp')
>>> dpath.delete().ensuredir()
>>> product = dpath / 'expensive-to-compute.txt'
>>> self = ub.CacheStamp('somedata', depends='someconfig', dpath=dpath,
>>>                      product=product, hasher='sha256')
>>> self.clear()
>>> print(f'self.fpath={self.fpath}')
>>> if self.expired():
>>>     product.write_text('very expensive')
>>>     self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # corrupting the output will cause the stamp to expire
>>> product.write_text('very corrupted')
>>> assert self.expired()

property fpath¶

clear()[source]¶: Delete the stamp (the products are untouched)

expired(cfgstr=None, product=None)[source]¶

Check to see if a previously existing stamp is still valid, if the expected result of that computation still exists, and if all other expiration criteria are met.

Parameters

cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr. DEPRECATED do not use.
product (str | PathLike | Sequence[str | PathLike] | None) – override the default product if specified. DEPRECATED do not use.

Returns

True(-thy) if the stamp is invalid, expired, or does not exist. When the stamp is expired, the reason for expiration is returned as a string. If the stamp is still valid, False is returned.

Return type

bool | str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import time
>>> import os
>>> # Stamp the computation of expensive-to-compute.txt
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/cache-stamp-expired')
>>> dpath.delete().ensuredir()
>>> products = [
>>>     dpath / 'product1.txt',
>>>     dpath / 'product2.txt',
>>> ]
>>> self = ub.CacheStamp('myname', depends='myconfig', dpath=dpath,
>>>                      product=products, hasher='sha256',
>>>                      expires=0)
>>> if self.expired():
>>>     for fpath in products:
>>>         fpath.write_text(fpath.name)
>>>     self.renew()
>>> fpath = products[0]
>>> # Because we set the expiration delta to 0, we should already be expired
>>> assert self.expired() == 'expired_cert'
>>> # Disable the expiration date, renew and we should be ok
>>> self.expires = None
>>> self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # Modify the mtime to cause expiration
>>> orig_atime = fpath.stat().st_atime
>>> orig_mtime = fpath.stat().st_mtime
>>> os.utime(fpath, (orig_atime, orig_mtime + 200))
>>> assert self.expired() == 'mtime_diff'
>>> self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # rewriting the file will cause the size constraint to fail
>>> # even if we hack the mtime to be the same
>>> orig_atime = fpath.stat().st_atime
>>> orig_mtime = fpath.stat().st_mtime
>>> fpath.write_text('corrupted')
>>> os.utime(fpath, (orig_atime, orig_mtime))
>>> assert self.expired() == 'size_diff'
>>> self.renew()
>>> assert not self.expired()
>>> # Force a situation where the hash is the only thing
>>> # that saves us, write a different file with the same
>>> # size and mtime.
>>> orig_atime = fpath.stat().st_atime
>>> orig_mtime = fpath.stat().st_mtime
>>> fpath.write_text('corrApted')
>>> os.utime(fpath, (orig_atime, orig_mtime))
>>> assert self.expired() == 'hash_diff'
>>> # Test what a wrong hash prefix causes expiration
>>> certificate = self.renew()
>>> self.hash_prefix = certificate['hash']
>>> self.expired()
>>> self.hash_prefix = ['bad', 'hashes']
>>> self.expired()
>>> # A bad hash will not allow us to renew
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
...     self.renew()

renew(cfgstr=None, product=None)[source]¶

Recertify that the product has been recomputed by writing a new certificate to disk.

Returns: certificate information
Return type: dict

class ubelt.Cacher(fname, depends=None, dpath=None, appname='ubelt', ext='.pkl', meta=None, verbose=None, enabled=True, log=None, hasher='sha1', protocol=- 1, cfgstr=None, backend='auto')[source]¶

Bases: object

Saves data to disk and reloads it based on specified dependencies.

Cacher uses pickle to save/load data to/from disk. Dependencies of the cached process can be specified, which ensures the cached data is recomputed if the dependencies change. If the location of the cache is not specified, it will default to the system user’s cache directory.

Parameters

fname (str) – A file name. This is the prefix that will be used by the cache. It will always be used as-is.
depends (str | List[str] | None) – Indicate dependencies of this cache. If the dependencies change, then the cache is recomputed. New in version 0.8.9, replaces cfgstr.
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – Specifies where to save the cache. If unspecified, Cacher defaults to an application cache dir as given by appname. See ub.get_app_cache_dir() for more details.
appname (str, default=’ubelt’) – Application name Specifies a folder in the application cache directory where to cache the data if dpath is not specified.
ext (str, default=’.pkl’) – File extension for the cache format. Can be '.pkl' or '.json'.
meta (object | None) – Metadata that is also saved with the cfgstr. This can be useful to indicate how the cfgstr was constructed. Note: this is a candidate for deprecation.
verbose (int, default=1) – Level of verbosity. Can be 1, 2 or 3.
enabled (bool, default=True) – If set to False, then the load and save methods will do nothing.
log (Callable[[str], Any]) – Overloads the print function. Useful for sending output to loggers (e.g. logging.info, tqdm.tqdm.write, …)
hasher (str, default=’sha1’) – Type of hashing algorithm to use if cfgstr needs to be condensed to less than 49 characters.
protocol (int, default=-1) – Protocol version used by pickle. Defaults to the -1 which is the latest protocol.
backend (str) – Set to either 'pickle' or 'json' to force backend. Defaults to auto which chooses one based on the extension.
cfgstr (str | None) – Deprecated in favor of depends.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> depends = 'repr-of-params-that-uniquely-determine-the-process'
>>> # Create a cacher and try loading the data
>>> cacher = ub.Cacher('demo_process', depends, verbose=4)
>>> cacher.clear()
>>> print(f'cacher.fpath={cacher.fpath}')
>>> data = cacher.tryload()
>>> if data is None:
>>>     # Put expensive functions in if block when cacher misses
>>>     myvar1 = 'result of expensive process'
>>>     myvar2 = 'another result'
>>>     # Tell the cacher to write at the end of the if block
>>>     # It is idomatic to put results in an object named data
>>>     data = myvar1, myvar2
>>>     cacher.save(data)
>>> # Last part of the Cacher pattern is to unpack the data object
>>> myvar1, myvar2 = data
>>> #
>>> # If we know the data exists, we can also simply call load
>>> data = cacher.tryload()

Example

>>> # The previous example can be shorted if only a single value
>>> from ubelt.util_cache import Cacher
>>> depends = 'repr-of-params-that-uniquely-determine-the-process'
>>> # Create a cacher and try loading the data
>>> cacher = Cacher('demo_process', depends)
>>> myvar = cacher.tryload()
>>> if myvar is None:
>>>     myvar = ('result of expensive process', 'another result')
>>>     cacher.save(myvar)
>>> assert cacher.exists(), 'should now exist'

VERBOSE = 1¶

FORCE_DISABLE = False¶

property fpath¶

get_fpath(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Reports the filepath that the cacher will use.

It will attempt to use ‘{fname}_{cfgstr}{ext}’ unless that is too long. Then cfgstr will be hashed.

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
Returns: str | PathLike

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:pytest)
>>> from ubelt.util_cache import Cacher
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
>>>     cacher = Cacher('test_cacher1')
>>>     cacher.get_fpath()
>>> self = Cacher('test_cacher2', depends='cfg1')
>>> self.get_fpath()
>>> self = Cacher('test_cacher3', depends='cfg1' * 32)
>>> self.get_fpath()

exists(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Check to see if the cache exists

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
Returns: bool

existing_versions()[source]¶

Returns data with different cfgstr values that were previously computed with this cacher.

Yields: str – paths to cached files corresponding to this cacher

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import Cacher
>>> # Ensure that some data exists
>>> known_fpaths = set()
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt',
>>>                                 'test-existing-versions')
>>> ub.delete(dpath)  # start fresh
>>> cacher = Cacher('versioned_data_v2', depends='1', dpath=dpath)
>>> cacher.ensure(lambda: 'data1')
>>> known_fpaths.add(cacher.get_fpath())
>>> cacher = Cacher('versioned_data_v2', depends='2', dpath=dpath)
>>> cacher.ensure(lambda: 'data2')
>>> known_fpaths.add(cacher.get_fpath())
>>> # List previously computed configs for this type
>>> from os.path import basename
>>> cacher = Cacher('versioned_data_v2', depends='2', dpath=dpath)
>>> exist_fpaths = set(cacher.existing_versions())
>>> exist_fnames = list(map(basename, exist_fpaths))
>>> print('exist_fnames = {!r}'.format(exist_fnames))
>>> assert exist_fpaths.issubset(known_fpaths)

clear(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Removes the saved cache and metadata from disk

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr

tryload(cfgstr=None, on_error='raise')[source]¶

Like load, but returns None if the load fails due to a cache miss.

Parameters

cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
on_error (str, default=’raise’) – How to handle non-io errors errors. Either ‘raise’, which re-raises the exception, or ‘clear’ which deletes the cache and returns None.

Returns

the cached data if it exists, otherwise returns None

Return type

None | object

load(cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Load the data cached and raise an error if something goes wrong.

Parameters: cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr
Returns: the cached data
Return type: object
Raises: IOError - if the data is unable to be loaded. This could be due to – a cache miss or because the cache is disabled.

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import *  # NOQA
>>> # Setting the cacher as enabled=False turns it off
>>> cacher = Cacher('test_disabled_load', '', enabled=True)
>>> cacher.save('data')
>>> assert cacher.load() == 'data'
>>> cacher.enabled = False
>>> assert cacher.tryload() is None

save(data, cfgstr=None)[source]¶

Writes data to path specified by self.fpath.

Metadata containing information about the cache will also be appended to an adjacent file with the .meta suffix.

Parameters

data (object) – arbitrary pickleable object to be cached
cfgstr (str | None) – overrides the instance-level cfgstr

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import *  # NOQA
>>> # Normal functioning
>>> depends = 'long-cfg' * 32
>>> cacher = Cacher('test_enabled_save', depends=depends)
>>> cacher.save('data')
>>> assert exists(cacher.get_fpath()), 'should be enabled'
>>> assert exists(cacher.get_fpath() + '.meta'), 'missing metadata'
>>> # Setting the cacher as enabled=False turns it off
>>> cacher2 = Cacher('test_disabled_save', 'params', enabled=False)
>>> cacher2.save('data')
>>> assert not exists(cacher2.get_fpath()), 'should be disabled'

ensure(func, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Wraps around a function. A cfgstr must be stored in the base cacher.

Parameters

func (Callable) – function that will compute data on cache miss
*args – passed to func
**kwargs – passed to func

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_cache import *  # NOQA
>>> def func():
>>>     return 'expensive result'
>>> fname = 'test_cacher_ensure'
>>> depends = 'func params'
>>> cacher = Cacher(fname, depends=depends)
>>> cacher.clear()
>>> data1 = cacher.ensure(func)
>>> data2 = cacher.ensure(func)
>>> assert data1 == 'expensive result'
>>> assert data1 == data2
>>> cacher.clear()

class ubelt.CaptureStdout(suppress=True, enabled=True)[source]¶

Bases: ubelt.util_stream.CaptureStream

Context manager that captures stdout and stores it in an internal stream

Parameters

suppress (bool, default=True) – if True, stdout is not printed while captured
enabled (bool, default=True) – does nothing if this is False
**kwargs – used for backwards compatibility with misspelled deprecated params.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.CaptureStdout(suppress=True)
>>> print('dont capture the table flip (╯°□°）╯︵ ┻━┻')
>>> with self:
...     text = 'capture the heart ♥'
...     print(text)
>>> print('dont capture look of disapproval ಠ_ಠ')
>>> assert isinstance(self.text, str)
>>> assert self.text == text + '\n', 'failed capture text'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.CaptureStdout(suppress=False)
>>> with self:
...     print('I am captured and printed in stdout')
>>> assert self.text.strip() == 'I am captured and printed in stdout'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.CaptureStdout(suppress=True, enabled=False)
>>> with self:
...     print('dont capture')
>>> assert self.text is None

log_part()[source]¶: Log what has been captured so far

start()[source]¶

stop()[source]¶

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.CaptureStdout(enabled=False).stop()
>>> ub.CaptureStdout(enabled=True).stop()

close()[source]¶

class ubelt.CaptureStream[source]¶

Bases: object

Generic class for capturing streaming output from stdout or stderr

class ubelt.DownloadManager(download_root=None, mode='thread', max_workers=None, cache=True)[source]¶

Bases: object

Simple implementation of the download manager

Variables

download_root (str | PathLike) – default download location
jobs (List[concurrent.futures.Future]) – list of jobs

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Download a file with a known hash
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager()
>>> job = manager.submit(
>>>     'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png',
>>>     hash_prefix='31a129618c87dd667103e7154182e3c39a605eefe90f84f2283f3c87efee8e40'
>>> )
>>> fpath = job.result()
>>> print('fpath = {!r}'.format(fpath))

Example

>>> # Does not require network
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager()
>>> for i in range(100):
...     job = manager.submit('localhost/might-not-exist-i-{}'.format(i))
>>> file_paths = []
>>> for job in manager.as_completed(prog=True):
...     try:
...         fpath = job.result()
...         file_paths += [fpath]
...     except Exception:
...         pass
>>> print('file_paths = {!r}'.format(file_paths))

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager()
>>> item1 = {
>>>     'url': 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download',
>>>     'dst': 'forgot_what_the_name_really_is',
>>>     'hash_prefix': 'c98a46cb31205cf',
>>>     'hasher': 'sha512',
>>> }
>>> item2 = {
>>>     'url': 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png',
>>>     'hash_prefix': 'f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35',
>>>     'hasher': 'sha1',
>>> }
>>> item1 = item2  # hack around SSL error
>>> manager.submit(**item1)
>>> manager.submit(**item2)
>>> for job in manager.as_completed(prog=True, verbose=3):
>>>     fpath = job.result()
>>>     print('fpath = {!r}'.format(fpath))

submit(url, dst=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha256')[source]¶

Add a job to the download Queue

Parameters

url (str | PathLike) – pointer to the data to download
dst (str | None) – The relative or absolute path to download to. If unspecified, the destination name is derived from the url.
hash_prefix (str | None) – If specified, verifies that the hash of the downloaded file starts with this.
hasher (str, default=’sha256’) – hashing algorithm to use if hash_prefix is specified.

Returns

a Future object that will point to the downloaded location.

Return type

as_completed(prog=None, desc=None, verbose=1)[source]¶

Generate completed jobs as they become available

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> download_root = ub.ensure_app_config_dir('ubelt', 'dlman')
>>> manager = ub.DownloadManager(download_root=download_root,
>>>                              cache=False)
>>> for i in range(3):
>>>     manager.submit('localhost')
>>> results = list(manager)
>>> print('results = {!r}'.format(results))
>>> manager.shutdown()

shutdown()[source]¶: Cancel all jobs and close all connections.

class ubelt.Executor(mode='thread', max_workers=0)[source]¶

Bases: object

Wrapper around a specific executor.

Abstracts Serial, Thread, and Process Executor via arguments.

Parameters

mode (str, default=’thread’) – either thread, serial, or process
max_workers (int, default=0) – number of workers. If 0, serial is forced.

Example

>>> import platform
>>> import sys
>>> # The process backend breaks pyp3 when using coverage
>>> if 'pypy' in platform.python_implementation().lower():
...     import pytest
...     pytest.skip('not testing process on pypy')
>>> if sys.platform.startswith('win32'):
...     import pytest
...     pytest.skip('not running this test on win32 for now')
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Fork before threading!
>>> # https://pybay.com/site_media/slides/raymond2017-keynote/combo.html
>>> self1 = ub.Executor(mode='serial', max_workers=0)
>>> self1.__enter__()
>>> self2 = ub.Executor(mode='process', max_workers=2)
>>> self2.__enter__()
>>> self3 = ub.Executor(mode='thread', max_workers=2)
>>> self3.__enter__()
>>> jobs = []
>>> jobs.append(self1.submit(sum, [1, 2, 3]))
>>> jobs.append(self1.submit(sum, [1, 2, 3]))
>>> jobs.append(self2.submit(sum, [10, 20, 30]))
>>> jobs.append(self2.submit(sum, [10, 20, 30]))
>>> jobs.append(self3.submit(sum, [4, 5, 5]))
>>> jobs.append(self3.submit(sum, [4, 5, 5]))
>>> for job in jobs:
>>>     result = job.result()
>>>     print('result = {!r}'.format(result))
>>> self1.__exit__(None, None, None)
>>> self2.__exit__(None, None, None)
>>> self3.__exit__(None, None, None)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self1 = ub.Executor(mode='serial', max_workers=0)
>>> with self1:
>>>     jobs = []
>>>     for i in range(10):
>>>         jobs.append(self1.submit(sum, [i + 1, i]))
>>>     for job in jobs:
>>>         job.add_done_callback(lambda x: print('done callback got x = {}'.format(x)))
>>>         result = job.result()
>>>         print('result = {!r}'.format(result))

submit(func, *args, **kw)[source]¶

Calls the submit function of the underlying backend.

Returns: a future representing the job
Return type: concurrent.futures.Future

shutdown()[source]¶: Calls the shutdown function of the underlying backend.

map(fn, *iterables, **kwargs)[source]¶

Calls the map function of the underlying backend.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m /home/joncrall/code/ubelt/ubelt/util_futures.py Executor.map

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import concurrent.futures
>>> import string
>>> with ub.Executor(mode='serial') as executor:
...     result_iter = executor.map(int, string.digits)
...     results = list(result_iter)
>>> print('results = {!r}'.format(results))
results = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> with ub.Executor(mode='thread', max_workers=2) as executor:
...     result_iter = executor.map(int, string.digits)
...     results = list(result_iter)
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> print('results = {!r}'.format(results))
results = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

class ubelt.FormatterExtensions[source]¶

Bases: object

Helper class for managing non-builtin (e.g. numpy) format types.

This module (ubelt.util_format) maintains a global set of basic extensions, but it is also possible to create a locally scoped set of extensions and explicitly pass it to repr2. The following example demonstrates this.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class MyObject(object):
>>>     pass
>>> data = {'a': [1, 2.2222, MyObject()], 'b': MyObject()}
>>> # Create a custom set of extensions
>>> extensions = ub.FormatterExtensions()
>>> # Register a function to format your specific type
>>> @extensions.register(MyObject)
>>> def format_myobject(data, **kwargs):
>>>     return 'I can do anything here'
>>> # Repr2 will now respect the passed custom extensions
>>> # Note that the global extensions will still be respected
>>> # unless they are overloaded.
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, nl=-1, precision=1, extensions=extensions))
{
    'a': [1, 2.2, I can do anything here],
    'b': I can do anything here
}
>>> # Overload the formatter for float and int
>>> @extensions.register((float, int))
>>> def format_myobject(data, **kwargs):
>>>     return str((data + 10) // 2)
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, nl=-1, precision=1, extensions=extensions))
{
    'a': [5, 6.0, I can do anything here],
    'b': I can do anything here
}

register(key)[source]¶

Registers a custom formatting function with ub.repr2

Parameters: key (Type | Tuple[Type] | str) – indicator of the type
Returns: decorator function
Return type: Callable

lookup(data)[source]¶: Returns an appropriate function to format data if one has been registered.

class ubelt.IndexableWalker(data, dict_cls=(<class 'dict'>, ), list_cls=(<class 'list'>, <class 'tuple'>))[source]¶

Bases: collections.abc.Generator

Traverses through a nested tree-liked indexable structure.

Generates a path and value to each node in the structure. The path is a list of indexes which if applied in order will reach the value.

The __setitem__ method can be used to modify a nested value based on the path returned by the generator.

When generating values, you can use “send” to prevent traversal of a particular branch.

RelatedWork:

https://pypi.org/project/python-benedict/ - implements a dictionary
subclass with similar nested indexing abilities.

Example

>>> # Given Nested Data
>>> data = {
>>>     'foo': {'bar': 1},
>>>     'baz': [{'biz': 3}, {'buz': [4, 5, 6]}],
>>> }
>>> # Create an IndexableWalker
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> # We iterate over the data as if it was flat
>>> # ignore the <want> string due to order issues on older Pythons
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> for path, val in walker:
>>>     print(path)
['foo']
['baz']
['baz', 0]
['baz', 1]
['baz', 1, 'buz']
['baz', 1, 'buz', 0]
['baz', 1, 'buz', 1]
['baz', 1, 'buz', 2]
['baz', 0, 'biz']
['foo', 'bar']
>>> # We can use "paths" as keys to getitem into the walker
>>> path = ['baz', 1, 'buz', 2]
>>> val = walker[path]
>>> assert val == 6
>>> # We can use "paths" as keys to setitem into the walker
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][2] == 6
>>> walker[path] = 7
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][2] == 7
>>> # We can use "paths" as keys to delitem into the walker
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][1] == 5
>>> del walker[['baz', 1, 'buz', 1]]
>>> assert data['baz'][1]['buz'][1] == 7

Example

>>> # Create nested data
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:numpy)
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = ub.ddict(lambda: int)
>>> data['foo'] = ub.ddict(lambda: int)
>>> data['bar'] = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> data['foo']['a'] = 1
>>> data['foo']['b'] = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> data['foo']['c'] = [1, 2, 3]
>>> data['baz'] = 3
>>> print('data = {}'.format(ub.repr2(data, nl=True)))
>>> # We can walk through every node in the nested tree
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> for path, value in walker:
>>>     print('walk path = {}'.format(ub.repr2(path, nl=0)))
>>>     if path[-1] == 'c':
>>>         # Use send to prevent traversing this branch
>>>         got = walker.send(False)
>>>         # We can modify the value based on the returned path
>>>         walker[path] = 'changed the value of c'
>>> print('data = {}'.format(ub.repr2(data, nl=True)))
>>> assert data['foo']['c'] == 'changed the value of c'

Example

>>> # Test sending false for every data item
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(CPython)
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:numpy)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import numpy as np
>>> data = {1: 1}
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> for path, value in walker:
>>>     print('walk path = {}'.format(ub.repr2(path, nl=0)))
>>>     walker.send(False)
>>> data = {}
>>> walker = IndexableWalker(data)
>>> for path, value in walker:
>>>     walker.send(False)

send(arg) → send 'arg' into generator,[source]¶: return next yielded value or raise StopIteration.

throw(typ[, val[, tb]]) → raise exception in generator,[source]¶: return next yielded value or raise StopIteration.

class ubelt.JobPool(mode='thread', max_workers=0)[source]¶

Bases: object

Abstracts away boilerplate of submitting and collecting jobs

This is a basic wrapper around ubelt.util_futures.Executor that simplifies the most basic case.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def worker(data):
>>>     return data + 1
>>> pool = ub.JobPool('thread', max_workers=16)
>>> for data in ub.ProgIter(range(10), desc='submit jobs'):
>>>     pool.submit(worker, data)
>>> final = []
>>> for job in pool.as_completed(desc='collect jobs'):
>>>     info = job.result()
>>>     final.append(info)
>>> print('final = {!r}'.format(final))

submit(func, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Submit a job managed by the pool

Parameters

func (Callable[…, Any]) – A callable that will take as many arguments as there are passed iterables.
*args – positional arguments to pass to the function
*kwargs – keyword arguments to pass to the function

Returns

a future representing the job

Return type

shutdown()[source]¶

as_completed(timeout=None, desc=None, progkw=None)[source]¶

Generates completed jobs in an arbitrary order

Parameters

timeout (float | None) – Specify the the maximum number of seconds to wait for a job.
desc (str | None) – if specified, reports progress with a ubelt.progiter.ProgIter object.
progkw (dict | None) – extra keyword arguments to ubelt.progiter.ProgIter.

Yields

concurrent.futures.Future – The completed future object containing the results of a job.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_futures JobPool.as_completed

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> pool = ub.JobPool('thread', max_workers=8)
>>> text = ub.paragraph(
...     '''
...     UDP is a cool protocol, check out the wiki:
...
...     UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT), is a high-performance
...     data transfer protocol designed for transferring large
...     volumetric datasets over high-speed wide area networks. Such
...     settings are typically disadvantageous for the more common TCP
...     protocol.
...     ''')
>>> for word in text.split(' '):
...     pool.submit(print, word)
>>> for _ in pool.as_completed():
...     pass
>>> pool.shutdown()

join(**kwargs)[source]¶

Like :method:`JobPool.as_completed`, but executes the result method of each future and returns only after all processes are complete. This allows for lower-boilerplate prototyping.

Parameters: **kwargs – passed to :method:`JobPool.as_completed`
Returns: list of results
Return type: List[Any]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # We just want to try replacing our simple iterative algorithm
>>> # with the embarassingly parallel version
>>> arglist = list(zip(range(1000), range(1000)))
>>> func = ub.identity
>>> #
>>> # Original version
>>> for args in arglist:
>>>     func(*args)
>>> #
>>> # Potentially parallel version
>>> jobs = ub.JobPool(max_workers=0)
>>> for args in arglist:
>>>     jobs.submit(func, *args)
>>> _ = jobs.join(desc='running')

class ubelt.NiceRepr[source]¶

Bases: object

Inherit from this class and define __nice__ to “nicely” print your objects.

Defines __str__ and __repr__ in terms of __nice__ function Classes that inherit from NiceRepr should redefine __nice__. If the inheriting class has a __len__, method then the default __nice__ method will return its length.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Foo(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __nice__(self):
...        return 'info'
>>> foo = Foo()
>>> assert str(foo) == '<Foo(info)>'
>>> assert repr(foo).startswith('<Foo(info) at ')

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Bar(ub.NiceRepr):
...    pass
>>> bar = Bar()
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as record:
>>>     assert 'object at' in str(bar)
>>>     assert 'object at' in repr(bar)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Baz(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __len__(self):
...        return 5
>>> baz = Baz()
>>> assert str(baz) == '<Baz(5)>'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # If your nice message has a bug, it shouldn't bring down the house
>>> class Foo(ub.NiceRepr):
...    def __nice__(self):
...        assert False
>>> foo = Foo()
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as record:
>>>     print('foo = {!r}'.format(foo))
foo = <...Foo ...>

class ubelt.OrderedSet(iterable=None)[source]¶

Bases: collections.abc.MutableSet, collections.abc.Sequence

An OrderedSet is a custom MutableSet that remembers its order, so that every entry has an index that can be looked up.

Example

>>> OrderedSet([1, 1, 2, 3, 2])
OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])

copy()[source]¶

Return a shallow copy of this object.

Example

>>> this = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> other = this.copy()
>>> this == other
True
>>> this is other
False

add(key)[source]¶

Add key as an item to this OrderedSet, then return its index.

If key is already in the OrderedSet, return the index it already had.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet()
>>> oset.append(3)
0
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([3])

append(key)¶

Add key as an item to this OrderedSet, then return its index.

If key is already in the OrderedSet, return the index it already had.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet()
>>> oset.append(3)
0
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([3])

update(sequence)[source]¶

Update the set with the given iterable sequence, then return the index of the last element inserted.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.update([3, 1, 5, 1, 4])
4
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([1, 2, 3, 5, 4])

index(key)[source]¶

Get the index of a given entry, raising an IndexError if it’s not present.

key can be an iterable of entries that is not a string, in which case this returns a list of indices.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.index(2)
1

get_loc(key)¶

Get the index of a given entry, raising an IndexError if it’s not present.

key can be an iterable of entries that is not a string, in which case this returns a list of indices.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.index(2)
1

get_indexer(key)¶

Get the index of a given entry, raising an IndexError if it’s not present.

key can be an iterable of entries that is not a string, in which case this returns a list of indices.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.index(2)
1

pop()[source]¶

Remove and return the last element from the set.

Raises KeyError if the set is empty.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.pop()
3

discard(key)[source]¶

Remove an element. Do not raise an exception if absent.

The MutableSet mixin uses this to implement the .remove() method, which does raise an error when asked to remove a non-existent item.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.discard(2)
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([1, 3])
>>> oset.discard(2)
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([1, 3])

clear()[source]¶: Remove all items from this OrderedSet.

union(*sets)[source]¶

Combines all unique items. Each items order is defined by its first appearance.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet.union(OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 1, 5]), [1, 3], [2, 0])
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 0])
>>> oset.union([8, 9])
OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 0, 8, 9])
>>> oset | {10}
OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 0, 10])

intersection(*sets)[source]¶

Returns elements in common between all sets. Order is defined only by the first set.

Example

>>> oset = OrderedSet.intersection(OrderedSet([0, 1, 2, 3]), [1, 2, 3])
>>> print(oset)
OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> oset.intersection([2, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4])
OrderedSet([2])
>>> oset.intersection()
OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])

difference(*sets)[source]¶

Returns all elements that are in this set but not the others.

Example

>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).difference(OrderedSet([2]))
OrderedSet([1, 3])
>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).difference(OrderedSet([2]), OrderedSet([3]))
OrderedSet([1])
>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]) - OrderedSet([2])
OrderedSet([1, 3])
>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).difference()
OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])

issubset(other)[source]¶

Report whether another set contains this set.

Example

>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).issubset({1, 2})
False
>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).issubset({1, 2, 3, 4})
True
>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).issubset({1, 4, 3, 5})
False

issuperset(other)[source]¶

Report whether this set contains another set.

Example

>>> OrderedSet([1, 2]).issuperset([1, 2, 3])
False
>>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3, 4]).issuperset({1, 2, 3})
True
>>> OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5]).issuperset({1, 2, 3})
False

symmetric_difference(other)[source]¶

Return the symmetric difference of two OrderedSets as a new set. That is, the new set will contain all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.

Their order will be preserved, with elements from self preceding elements from other.

Example

>>> this = OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5, 7])
>>> other = OrderedSet([9, 7, 1, 3, 2])
>>> this.symmetric_difference(other)
OrderedSet([4, 5, 9, 2])

difference_update(*sets)[source]¶

Update this OrderedSet to remove items from one or more other sets.

Example

>>> this = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
>>> this.difference_update(OrderedSet([2, 4]))
>>> print(this)
OrderedSet([1, 3])

>>> this = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> this.difference_update(OrderedSet([2, 4]), OrderedSet([1, 4, 6]))
>>> print(this)
OrderedSet([3, 5])

intersection_update(other)[source]¶

Update this OrderedSet to keep only items in another set, preserving their order in this set.

Example

>>> this = OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5, 7])
>>> other = OrderedSet([9, 7, 1, 3, 2])
>>> this.intersection_update(other)
>>> print(this)
OrderedSet([1, 3, 7])

symmetric_difference_update(other)[source]¶

Update this OrderedSet to remove items from another set, then add items from the other set that were not present in this set.

Example

>>> this = OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5, 7])
>>> other = OrderedSet([9, 7, 1, 3, 2])
>>> this.symmetric_difference_update(other)
>>> print(this)
OrderedSet([4, 5, 9, 2])

class ubelt.Path(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Bases: pathlib.PosixPath

An extension of pathlib.Path with extra convenience methods

Note

New methods are:

augment
ensuredir
expand
expandvars
ls
shrinkuser
walk

New classmethods are:

appdir

Modified methods are:

touch

Example

>>> # Ubelt extends pathlib functionality
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path('~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path').expand().ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'text_file.txt'
>>> aug_fpath = fpath.augment(suffix='.aux', ext='.jpg').touch()
>>> aug_dpath = dpath.augment('demo_path2')
>>> assert aug_fpath.read_text() == ''
>>> fpath.write_text('text data')
>>> assert aug_fpath.exists()
>>> assert not aug_fpath.delete().exists()
>>> assert dpath.exists()
>>> assert not dpath.delete().exists()
>>> print(f'{str(fpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
>>> print(f'{str(dpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
>>> print(f'{str(aug_fpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
>>> print(f'{str(aug_dpath.shrinkuser()).replace(os.path.sep, "/")}')
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path/text_file.txt
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_path/text_file.aux.jpg
~/.cache/ubelt/demo_pathdemo_path2

classmethod appdir(appname, *args, type='cache')[source]¶

Returns an operating system appropriate writable directory for an application to be used for cache, configs, or data.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args[str] – optional subdirs
type (str) – can be ‘cache’, ‘config’, or ‘data’.

Returns

a new path object

Return type

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='cache').shrinkuser())
>>> print(ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='config').shrinkuser())
>>> print(ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='data').shrinkuser())
~/.cache/ubelt
~/.config/ubelt
~/.local/share/ubelt
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(KeyError):
>>>     ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', type='other')

augment(suffix='', prefix='', ext=None, stem=None, dpath=None, tail='', relative=None, multidot=False)[source]¶

Create a new path with a different extension, basename, directory, prefix, and/or suffix.

See augpath() for more details.

Parameters

suffix (str) – Text placed between the stem and extension. Default to ‘’.
prefix (str) – Text placed in front of the stem. Defaults to ‘’.
ext (str | None) – If specified, replaces the extension
stem (str | None) – If specified, replaces the stem (i.e. basename without extension). Note: named base in augpath().
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – If specified, replaces the specified “relative” directory, which by default is the parent directory.
tail (str | None) – If specified, appends this text to the extension.
relative (str | PathLike | None) – Replaces relative with dpath in path. Has no effect if dpath is not specified. Defaults to the dirname of the input path. experimental not currently implemented.
multidot (bool) – Allows extensions to contain multiple dots. Specifically, if False, everything after the last dot in the basename is the extension. If True, everything after the first dot in the basename is the extension.

Returns

augmented path

Return type

http://datagenetics.com/blog/february12017/index.html

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = ub.Path('foo.bar')
>>> suffix = '_suff'
>>> prefix = 'pref_'
>>> ext = '.baz'
>>> newpath = path.augment(suffix, prefix, ext=ext, stem='bar')
>>> print('newpath = {!r}'.format(newpath))
newpath = Path('pref_bar_suff.baz')

delete()[source]¶

Removes a file or recursively removes a directory. If a path does not exist, then this is does nothing.

SeeAlso:: ubelt.delete()

Returns: reference to self
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> base = ub.Path(ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'delete_test2'))
>>> dpath1 = (base / 'dir').ensuredir()
>>> (base / 'dir' / 'subdir').ensuredir()
>>> (base / 'dir' / 'to_remove1.txt').touch()
>>> fpath1 = (base / 'dir' / 'subdir' / 'to_remove3.txt').touch()
>>> fpath2 = (base / 'dir' / 'subdir' / 'to_remove2.txt').touch()
>>> assert all(p.exists() for p in [dpath1, fpath1, fpath2])
>>> fpath1.delete()
>>> assert all(p.exists() for p in [dpath1, fpath2])
>>> assert not fpath1.exists()
>>> dpath1.delete()
>>> assert not any(p.exists() for p in [dpath1, fpath1, fpath2])

ensuredir(mode=511)[source]¶

Concise alias of self.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

Returns: returns itself
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> cache_dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> dpath = ub.Path(join(cache_dpath, 'ensuredir'))
>>> if dpath.exists():
...     os.rmdir(dpath)
>>> assert not dpath.exists()
>>> dpath.ensuredir()
>>> assert dpath.exists()
>>> dpath.rmdir()

expand()[source]¶

Expands user tilde and environment variables.

Concise alias of Path(os.path.expandvars(self.expanduser()))

Returns: path with expanded environment variables and tildes
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> #home_v1 = ub.Path('$HOME').expand()
>>> home_v2 = ub.Path('~/').expand()
>>> assert isinstance(home_v2, ub.Path)
>>> home_v3 = ub.Path.home()
>>> #print('home_v1 = {!r}'.format(home_v1))
>>> print('home_v2 = {!r}'.format(home_v2))
>>> print('home_v3 = {!r}'.format(home_v3))
>>> assert home_v3 == home_v2 # == home_v1

expandvars()[source]¶

As discussed in [CPythonIssue21301], CPython won’t be adding expandvars to pathlib. I think this is a mistake, so I added it in this extension.

Returns: path with expanded environment variables
Return type: Path

References

CPythonIssue21301: https://bugs.python.org/issue21301

ls()[source]¶

A convenience function to list all paths in a directory.

This is simply a wraper around iterdir that returns the results as a list instead of a generator. This is mainly for faster navigation in IPython. In production code iterdir should be used instead.

Returns: List[Path]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/ls')
>>> (self / 'dir1').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'dir2').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'file1').touch()
>>> (self / 'file2').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir1/file3').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir2/file4').touch()
>>> children = self.ls()
>>> assert isinstance(children, list)
>>> print(ub.repr2(sorted([p.relative_to(self) for p in children])))
[
    Path('dir1'),
    Path('dir2'),
    Path('file1'),
    Path('file2'),
]

shrinkuser(home='~')[source]¶

Inverse of os.path.expanduser().

Parameters: home (str) – symbol used to replace the home path. Defaults to ‘~’, but you might want to use ‘$HOME’ or ‘%USERPROFILE%’ instead.
Returns: path - shortened path replacing the home directory with a symbol
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = ub.Path('~').expand()
>>> assert str(path.shrinkuser()) == '~'
>>> assert str(ub.Path((str(path) + '1')).shrinkuser()) == str(path) + '1'
>>> assert str((path / '1').shrinkuser()) == join('~', '1')
>>> assert str((path / '1').shrinkuser('$HOME')) == join('$HOME', '1')
>>> assert str(ub.Path('.').shrinkuser()) == '.'

touch(mode=438, exist_ok=True)[source]¶

Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn’t exist.

Returns: returns itself
Return type: Path

Notes

The ubelt.util_io.touch() function currently has a slightly different implementation. This uses whatever the pathlib version is. This may change in the future.

walk(topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)[source]¶

A variant of os.walk for pathlib

Parameters

topdown (bool) – if True starts yield nodes closer to the root first otherwise yield nodes closer to the leaves first.
onerror (Callable[[OSError], None]) – A function with one argument of type OSError. If the error is raised the walk is aborted, otherwise it continues.
followlinks (bool) – if True recurse into symbolic directory links

Yields

Tuple[‘Path’, str, str] – the root, file names, and directory names

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> self = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/ls')
>>> (self / 'dir1').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'dir2').ensuredir()
>>> (self / 'file1').touch()
>>> (self / 'file2').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir1/file3').touch()
>>> (self / 'dir2/file4').touch()
>>> subdirs = list(self.walk())
>>> assert len(subdirs) == 3

class ubelt.ProgIter(iterable=None, desc=None, total=None, freq=1, initial=0, eta_window=64, clearline=True, adjust=True, time_thresh=2.0, show_times=True, show_wall=False, enabled=True, verbose=None, stream=None, chunksize=None, rel_adjust_limit=4.0, **kwargs)[source]¶

Bases: ubelt.progiter._TQDMCompat, ubelt.progiter._BackwardsCompat

Prints progress as an iterator progresses

ProgIter is an alternative to tqdm. ProgIter implements much of the tqdm-API. The main difference between ProgIter and tqdm is that ProgIter does not use threading where as tqdm does.

Variables

iterable (iterable) – An iterable iterable
desc (str) – description label to show with progress
total (int) – Maximum length of the process. If not specified, we estimate it from the iterable, if possible.
freq (int, default=1) – How many iterations to wait between messages.
adjust (bool, default=True) – if True freq is adjusted based on time_thresh
eta_window (int, default=64) – number of previous measurements to use in eta calculation
clearline (bool, default=True) – if True messages are printed on the same line otherwise each new progress message is printed on new line.
adjust – if True freq is adjusted based on time_thresh. This may be overwritten depending on the setting of verbose.
time_thresh (float, default=2.0) – desired amount of time to wait between messages if adjust is True otherwise does nothing
show_times (bool, default=True) – shows rate and eta
show_wall (bool, default=False) – show wall time
initial (int, default=0) – starting index offset
stream (file, default=sys.stdout) – stream where progress information is written to
enabled (bool, default=True) – if False nothing happens.
chunksize (int, optional) – indicates that each iteration processes a batch of this size. Iteration rate is displayed in terms of single-items.
rel_adjust_limit (float, default=4.0) – Maximum factor update frequency can be adjusted by in a single step.
verbose (int) – verbosity mode, which controls clearline, adjust, and enabled. The following maps the value of verbose to its effect. 0: enabled=False, 1: enabled=True with clearline=True and adjust=True, 2: enabled=True with clearline=False and adjust=True, 3: enabled=True with clearline=False and adjust=False

Note

Either use ProgIter in a with statement or call prog.end() at the end of the computation if there is a possibility that the entire iterable may not be exhausted.

Note

ProgIter is an alternative to tqdm. The main difference between ProgIter and tqdm is that ProgIter does not use threading where as tqdm does. ProgIter is simpler than tqdm and thus more stable in certain circumstances.

SeeAlso:: tqdm - https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tqdm

References

Example

>>> 
>>> def is_prime(n):
...     return n >= 2 and not any(n % i == 0 for i in range(2, n))
>>> for n in ProgIter(range(100), verbose=1, show_wall=True):
>>>     # do some work
>>>     is_prime(n)
100/100... rate=... Hz, total=..., wall=...

set_extra(extra)[source]¶

specify a custom info appended to the end of the next message

Todo

[ ] extra is a bad name; come up with something better and rename

Example

>>> prog = ProgIter(range(100, 300, 100), show_times=False, verbose=3)
>>> for n in prog:
>>>     prog.set_extra('processesing num {}'.format(n))
0/2...
1/2...processesing num 100
2/2...processesing num 200

step(inc=1, force=False)[source]¶

Manually step progress update, either directly or by an increment.

Parameters

inc (int, default=1) – number of steps to increment
force (bool, default=False) – if True forces progress display

Example

>>> n = 3
>>> prog = ProgIter(desc='manual', total=n, verbose=3)
>>> # Need to manually begin and end in this mode
>>> prog.begin()
>>> for _ in range(n):
...     prog.step()
>>> prog.end()

Example

>>> n = 3
>>> # can be used as a context manager in manual mode
>>> with ProgIter(desc='manual', total=n, verbose=3) as prog:
...     for _ in range(n):
...         prog.step()

start()[source]¶: Alias of ubelt.progiter.ProgIter.begin()

begin()[source]¶

Initializes information used to measure progress

This only needs to be used if this ProgIter is not wrapping an iterable. Does nothing if the this ProgIter is disabled.

Returns: a chainable self-reference
Return type: ProgIter

end()[source]¶

Signals that iteration has ended and displays the final message.

This only needs to be used if this ProgIter is not wrapping an iterable. Does nothing if the this ProgIter object is disabled or has already finished.

format_message()[source]¶

builds a formatted progress message with the current values. This contains the special characters needed to clear lines.

Example

>>> self = ProgIter(clearline=False, show_times=False)
>>> print(repr(self.format_message()))
'    0/?... \n'
>>> self.begin()
>>> self.step()
>>> print(repr(self.format_message()))
' 1/?... \n'

Example

>>> self = ProgIter(chunksize=10, total=100, clearline=False,
>>>                 show_times=False, microseconds=True)
>>> # hack, microseconds=True for coverage, needs real test
>>> print(repr(self.format_message()))
' 0.00% of 10x100... \n'
>>> self.begin()
>>> self.update()  # tqdm alternative to step
>>> print(repr(self.format_message()))
' 1.00% of 10x100... \n'

ensure_newline()[source]¶

use before any custom printing when using the progress iter to ensure your print statement starts on a new line instead of at the end of a progress line

Example

>>> # Unsafe version may write your message on the wrong line
>>> prog = ProgIter(range(3), show_times=False, freq=2, adjust=False)
>>> for n in prog:
...     print('unsafe message')
 0/3... unsafe message
unsafe message
 2/3... unsafe message
 3/3...
>>> # apparently the safe version does this too.
>>> print('---')
---
>>> prog = ProgIter(range(3), show_times=False, freq=2, adjust=False)
>>> for n in prog:
...     prog.ensure_newline()
...     print('safe message')
 0/3...
safe message
safe message
 2/3...
safe message
 3/3...

display_message()[source]¶: Writes current progress to the output stream

class ubelt.TeeStringIO(redirect=None)[source]¶

Bases: _io.StringIO

An IO object that writes to itself and another IO stream.

Variables: redirect (io.IOBase) – The other stream to write to.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> redirect = io.StringIO()
>>> self = ub.TeeStringIO(redirect)

isatty()[source]¶: Returns true of the redirect is a terminal.

Note

Needed for IPython.embed to work properly when this class is used to override stdout / stderr.

fileno()[source]¶

Returns underlying file descriptor of the redirected IOBase object if one exists.

Example

>>> # Not sure the best way to test, this func is important for
>>> # capturing stdout when ipython embedding
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(io.UnsupportedOperation):
>>>     TeeStringIO(redirect=io.StringIO()).fileno()
>>> with pytest.raises(io.UnsupportedOperation):
>>>     TeeStringIO(None).fileno()

property encoding¶

Gets the encoding of the redirect IO object

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> redirect = io.StringIO()
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(redirect).encoding is None
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(None).encoding is None
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(sys.stdout).encoding is sys.stdout.encoding
>>> redirect = io.TextIOWrapper(io.StringIO())
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(redirect).encoding is redirect.encoding

write(msg)[source]¶: Write to this and the redirected stream

flush()[source]¶: Flush to this and the redirected stream

class ubelt.TempDir[source]¶

Bases: object

Context for creating and cleaning up temporary directories.

Note

This class will be DEPRECATED. The exact deprecation version and mitigation plan has not yet been developed.

Note

This exists because tempfile.TemporaryDirectory was introduced in Python 3.2. Thus once ubelt no longer supports python 2.7, this class will be deprecated.

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> with TempDir() as self:
>>>     dpath = self.dpath
>>>     assert exists(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(dpath)

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> self = TempDir()
>>> dpath = self.ensure()
>>> assert exists(dpath)
>>> self.cleanup()
>>> assert not exists(dpath)

ensure()[source]¶

cleanup()[source]¶

start()[source]¶

class ubelt.Timer(label='', verbose=None, newline=True)[source]¶

Bases: object

Measures time elapsed between a start and end point. Can be used as a with-statement context manager, or using the tic/toc api.

Parameters

label (str, default=’’) – identifier for printing
verbose (int, default=None) – verbosity flag, defaults to True if label is given
newline (bool, default=True) – if False and verbose, print tic and toc on the same line

Variables

elapsed (float) – number of seconds measured by the context manager
tstart (float) – time of last tic reported by self._time()

Example

>>> # Create and start the timer using the context manager
>>> import math
>>> timer = Timer('Timer test!', verbose=1)
>>> with timer:
>>>     math.factorial(10)
>>> assert timer.elapsed > 0
tic('Timer test!')
...toc('Timer test!')=...

Example

>>> # Create and start the timer using the tic/toc interface
>>> timer = Timer().tic()
>>> elapsed1 = timer.toc()
>>> elapsed2 = timer.toc()
>>> elapsed3 = timer.toc()
>>> assert elapsed1 <= elapsed2
>>> assert elapsed2 <= elapsed3

tic()[source]¶: starts the timer

toc()[source]¶: stops the timer

ubelt.allsame(iterable, eq=<built-in function eq>)[source]¶

Determine if all items in a sequence are the same

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – items to determine if they are all the same
eq (Callable[[T, T], bool], default=operator.eq) – function used to test for equality

Returns

True if all items are equal, otherwise False

Return type

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.all_equal()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.allsame([1, 1, 1, 1])
True
>>> ub.allsame([])
True
>>> ub.allsame([0, 1])
False
>>> iterable = iter([0, 1, 1, 1])
>>> next(iterable)
>>> ub.allsame(iterable)
True
>>> ub.allsame(range(10))
False
>>> ub.allsame(range(10), lambda a, b: True)
True

ubelt.argflag(key, argv=None)[source]¶

Determines if a key is specified on the command line.

This is a functional alternative to key in sys.argv.

Parameters

key (str | Tuple[str, …]) – string or tuple of strings. Each key should be prefixed with two hyphens (i.e. --).
argv (List[str], default=None) – overrides sys.argv if specified

Returns

flag - True if the key (or any of the keys) was specified

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--spam', '--eggs', 'foo']
>>> assert ub.argflag('--eggs', argv=argv) is True
>>> assert ub.argflag('--ans', argv=argv) is False
>>> assert ub.argflag('foo', argv=argv) is True
>>> assert ub.argflag(('bar', '--spam'), argv=argv) is True

ubelt.argmax(indexable, key=None)[source]¶

Returns index / key of the item with the largest value.

This is similar to numpy.argmax(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], Any], default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable

Returns

the index of the item with the maximum value.

Return type

int | KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.argmax({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}) == 'c'
>>> assert ub.argmax(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f']) == 3
>>> assert ub.argmax([[0, 1], [2, 3, 4], [5]], key=len) == 1
>>> assert ub.argmax({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 3: 100, 4: 4}) == 3
>>> assert ub.argmax(iter(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f'])) == 3

ubelt.argmin(indexable, key=None)[source]¶

Returns index / key of the item with the smallest value.

This is similar to numpy.argmin(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], VT], default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable

Returns

the index of the item with the minimum value.

Return type

int | KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.argmin({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}) == 'b'
>>> assert ub.argmin(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f']) == 0
>>> assert ub.argmin([[0, 1], [2, 3, 4], [5]], key=len) == 2
>>> assert ub.argmin({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 3: 100, 4: 4}) == 'b'
>>> assert ub.argmin(iter(['a', 'c', 'A', 'z', 'f'])) == 2

ubelt.argsort(indexable, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Returns the indices that would sort a indexable object.

This is similar to numpy.argsort(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], VT] | None, default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

indices - list of indices that sorts the indexable

Return type

List[int] | List[KT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # argsort works on dicts by returning keys
>>> dict_ = {'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}
>>> indices = ub.argsort(dict_)
>>> assert list(ub.take(dict_, indices)) == sorted(dict_.values())
>>> # argsort works on lists by returning indices
>>> indexable = [100, 2, 432, 10]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable)
>>> assert list(ub.take(indexable, indices)) == sorted(indexable)
>>> # Can use iterators, but be careful. It exhausts them.
>>> indexable = reversed(range(100))
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable)
>>> assert indices[0] == 99
>>> # Can use key just like sorted
>>> indexable = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable, key=len)
>>> assert indices == [2, 1, 0]
>>> # Can use reverse just like sorted
>>> indexable = [0, 2, 1]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable, reverse=True)
>>> assert indices == [1, 2, 0]

ubelt.argunique(items, key=None)[source]¶

Returns indices corresponding to the first instance of each unique item.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT]) – indexable collection of items
key (Callable[[VT], Any], default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Returns

indices of the unique items

Return type

Iterator[int]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 2, 5, 1, 1, 0, 2, 4]
>>> indices = list(ub.argunique(items))
>>> assert indices == [0, 1, 2, 3, 7]
>>> indices = list(ub.argunique(items, key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0))
>>> assert indices == [0, 2]

ubelt.argval(key, default=NoParam, argv=None)[source]¶

Get the value of a keyword argument specified on the command line.

Values can be specified as <key> <value> or <key>=<value>

Parameters

key (str | Tuple[str, …]) – string or tuple of strings. Each key should be prefixed with two hyphens (i.e. --)
default (T | util_const._NoParamType, default=NoParam) – a value to return if not specified.
argv (Optional[List[str]], default=None) – uses sys.argv if unspecified

Returns

value - the value specified after the key. It they key is specified multiple times, then the first value is returned.

Return type

str | T

Todo

[ ] Can we handle the case where the value is a list of long paths?
[ ] Should we default the first or last specified instance of the flag.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--ans', '42', '--quest=the grail', '--ans=6', '--bad']
>>> assert ub.argval('--spam', argv=argv) == ub.NoParam
>>> assert ub.argval('--quest', argv=argv) == 'the grail'
>>> assert ub.argval('--ans', argv=argv) == '42'
>>> assert ub.argval('--bad', argv=argv) == ub.NoParam
>>> assert ub.argval(('--bad', '--bar'), argv=argv) == ub.NoParam

Example

>>> # Test fix for GH Issue #41
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--path=/path/with/k=3']
>>> ub.argval('--path', argv=argv) == '/path/with/k=3'

ubelt.augpath(path, suffix='', prefix='', ext=None, tail='', base=None, dpath=None, relative=None, multidot=False)[source]¶

Create a new path with a different extension, basename, directory, prefix, and/or suffix.

A prefix is inserted before the basename. A suffix is inserted between the basename and the extension. The basename and extension can be replaced with a new one. Essentially a path is broken down into components (dpath, base, ext), and then recombined as (dpath, prefix, base, suffix, ext) after replacing any specified component.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – a path to augment
suffix (str) – placed between the basename and extension
prefix (str) – placed in front of the basename
ext (str | None) – if specified, replaces the extension
tail (str | None) – If specified, appends this text to the extension
base (str | None) – if specified, replaces the basename without extension. Note: this is referred to as stem in ub.Path.
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – if specified, replaces the specified “relative” directory, which by default is the parent directory.
relative (str | PathLike | None) – Replaces relative with dpath in path. Has no effect if dpath is not specified. Defaults to the dirname of the input path. experimental not currently implemented.
multidot (bool) – Allows extensions to contain multiple dots. Specifically, if False, everything after the last dot in the basename is the extension. If True, everything after the first dot in the basename is the extension.

Returns

augmented path

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = 'foo.bar'
>>> suffix = '_suff'
>>> prefix = 'pref_'
>>> ext = '.baz'
>>> newpath = ub.augpath(path, suffix, prefix, ext=ext, base='bar')
>>> print('newpath = %s' % (newpath,))
newpath = pref_bar_suff.baz

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> augpath('foo.bar')
'foo.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', ext='.BAZ')
'foo.BAZ'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', suffix='_')
'foo_.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', prefix='_')
'_foo.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', base='baz')
'baz.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', ext='.zip', multidot=True)
foo.zip
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', ext='.zip', multidot=False)
foo.tar.zip
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', suffix='_new', multidot=True)
foo_new.tar.gz
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', suffix='_new', tail='.cache', multidot=True)
foo_new.tar.gz.cache

ubelt.boolmask(indices, maxval=None)[source]¶

Constructs a list of booleans where an item is True if its position is in indices otherwise it is False.

Parameters

indices (List[int]) – list of integer indices
maxval (int) – length of the returned list. If not specified this is inferred using max(indices)

Returns

mask - a list of booleans. mask[idx] is True if idx in indices

Return type

List[bool]

Note

In the future the arg maxval may change its name to shape

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> indices = [0, 1, 4]
>>> mask = ub.boolmask(indices, maxval=6)
>>> assert mask == [True, True, False, False, True, False]
>>> mask = ub.boolmask(indices)
>>> assert mask == [True, True, False, False, True]

class ubelt.chunks(items, chunksize=None, nchunks=None, total=None, bordermode='none', legacy=False)[source]¶

Bases: object

Generates successive n-sized chunks from items.

If the last chunk has less than n elements, bordermode is used to determine fill values.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – input to iterate over
chunksize (int) – size of each sublist yielded
nchunks (int) – number of chunks to create ( cannot be specified if chunksize is specified)
bordermode (str) – determines how to handle the last case if the length of the input is not divisible by chunksize valid values are: {‘none’, ‘cycle’, ‘replicate’}
total (int) – hints about the length of the input

Note

FIXME:: When nchunks is given, that’s how many chunks we should get but the issue is that chunksize is not well defined in that instance For instance how do we turn a list with 4 elements into 3 chunks where does the extra item go?

In ubelt <= 0.10.3 there is a bug when specifying nchunks, where it chooses a chunksize that is too large. Specify legacy=True to get the old buggy behavior if needed.

Notes

This is similar to functionality provided by: more_itertools.chunked(), more_itertools.chunked_even(), more_itertools.sliced(), more_itertools.divide(),

Yields: List[T] – subsequent non-overlapping chunks of the input items

References

SO_434287: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/434287/iterate-over-a-list-in-chunks

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = '1234567'
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3)
>>> list(genresult)
[['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7']]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='none')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7]]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='cycle')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 1, 2]]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='replicate')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 7, 7]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(2), nchunks=2))) == 2
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(3), nchunks=2))) == 2
>>> # Note: ub.chunks will not do the 2,1,1 split
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(4), nchunks=3))) == 3
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, bordermode='none'))) == 0
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, bordermode='cycle'))) == 0
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, None, bordermode='replicate'))) == 0

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> def _check_len(self):
...     assert len(self) == len(list(self))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(3)), nchunks=2))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(2)), nchunks=2))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(2)), nchunks=3))

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> import pytest
>>> assert pytest.raises(ValueError, chunks, range(9))
>>> assert pytest.raises(ValueError, chunks, range(9), chunksize=2, nchunks=2)
>>> assert pytest.raises(TypeError, len, chunks((_ for _ in range(2)), 2))

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> basis = {
>>>     'legacy': [False, True],
>>>     'chunker': [{'nchunks': 3}, {'nchunks': 4}, {'nchunks': 5}, {'nchunks': 7}, {'chunksize': 3}],
>>>     'items': [range(2), range(4), range(5), range(7), range(9)],
>>>     'bordermode': ['none', 'cycle', 'replicate'],
>>> }
>>> grid_items = list(ub.named_product(basis))
>>> rows = []
>>> for grid_item in ub.ProgIter(grid_items):
>>>     chunker = grid_item.get('chunker')
>>>     grid_item.update(chunker)
>>>     kw = ub.dict_diff(grid_item, {'chunker'})
>>>     self = chunk_iter = ub.chunks(**kw)
>>>     chunked = list(chunk_iter)
>>>     chunk_lens = list(map(len, chunked))
>>>     row = ub.dict_union(grid_item, {'chunk_lens': chunk_lens, 'chunks': chunked})
>>>     row['chunker'] = str(row['chunker'])
>>>     if not row['legacy'] and 'nchunks' in kw:
>>>         assert kw['nchunks'] == row['nchunks']
>>>     row.update(chunk_iter.__dict__)
>>>     rows.append(row)
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(rows)
>>> for _, subdf in df.groupby('chunker'):
>>>     print(subdf)

static noborder(items, chunksize)[source]¶

static cycle(items, chunksize)[source]¶

static replicate(items, chunksize)[source]¶

ubelt.cmd(command, shell=False, detach=False, verbose=0, tee=None, cwd=None, env=None, tee_backend='auto', check=False, system=False, timeout=None)[source]¶

Executes a command in a subprocess.

The advantage of this wrapper around subprocess is that (1) you control if the subprocess prints to stdout, (2) the text written to stdout and stderr is returned for parsing, (3) cross platform behavior that lets you specify the command as a string or tuple regardless of whether or not shell=True. (4) ability to detach, return the process object and allow the process to run in the background (eventually we may return a Future object instead).

Parameters

command (str | List[str]) – bash-like command string or tuple of executable and args
shell (bool, default=False) – if True, process is run in shell.
detach (bool, default=False) – if True, process is detached and run in background.
verbose (int, default=0) – verbosity mode. Can be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
tee (bool | None) – if True, simultaneously writes to stdout while capturing output from the command. If not specified, defaults to True if verbose > 0. If detach is True, then this argument is ignored.
cwd (str | PathLike | None) – Path to run command. Defaults to current working directory if unspecified.
env (Dict[str, str] | None) – environment passed to Popen
tee_backend (str, default=’auto’) – backend for tee output. Valid choices are: “auto”, “select” (POSIX only), and “thread”.
check (bool, default=False) – if True, check that the return code was zero before returning, otherwise raise a CalledProcessError. Does nothing if detach is True.
system (bool, default=False) – if True, most other considerations are dropped, and os.system() is used to execute the command in a platform dependant way. Other arguments such as env, tee, timeout, and shell are all ignored. (new in version 1.1.0)
timeout (float) – If the process does not complete in timeout seconds, raises a subprocess.TimeoutExpired. (new in version 1.1.0)

Returns

info - information about command status. if detach is False info contains captured standard out, standard error, and the return code if detach is False info contains a reference to the process.

Return type

dict

Note

Inputs can either be text or tuple based. On UNIX we ensure conversion to text if shell=True, and to tuple if shell=False. On windows, the input is always text based. See [SO_33560364] for a potential cross-platform shlex solution for windows.

When using the tee output, the stdout and stderr may be shuffled from what they would be on the command line.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_cmd cmd:6
python -c "import ubelt as ub; ub.cmd('ping localhost -c 2', verbose=2)"
pytest "$(python -c 'import ubelt; print(ubelt.util_cmd.__file__)')" -sv --xdoctest-verbose 2

References

SO_11495783: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11495783/redirect-subprocess-stderr-to-stdout
SO_7729336: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7729336/how-can-i-print-and-display-subprocess-stdout-and-stderr-output-without-distorti
SO_33560364: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33560364/python-windows-parsing-command-lines-with-shlex

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'simple cmdline interface'), verbose=1)
simple cmdline interface
>>> assert info['ret'] == 0
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'simple cmdline interface'
>>> assert info['err'].strip() == ''

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo str noshell', verbose=0)
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'str noshell'

Example

>>> # windows echo will output extra single quotes
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'tuple noshell'), verbose=0)
>>> assert info['out'].strip().strip("'") == 'tuple noshell'

Example

>>> # Note this command is formatted to work on win32 and unix
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo str&&echo shell', verbose=0, shell=True)
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'str' + chr(10) + 'shell'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'tuple shell'), verbose=0, shell=True)
>>> assert info['out'].strip().strip("'") == 'tuple shell'

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo hi', check=True)
>>> import subprocess
>>> with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
>>>     ub.cmd('exit 1', check=True, shell=True)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join, exists
>>> fpath1 = join(ub.get_app_cache_dir('ubelt'), 'cmdout1.txt')
>>> fpath2 = join(ub.get_app_cache_dir('ubelt'), 'cmdout2.txt')
>>> ub.delete(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(fpath2)
>>> # Start up two processes that run simultaneously in the background
>>> info1 = ub.cmd(('touch', fpath1), detach=True)
>>> info2 = ub.cmd('echo writing2 > ' + fpath2, shell=True, detach=True)
>>> # Detached processes are running in the background
>>> # We can run other code while we wait for them.
>>> while not exists(fpath1):
...     pass
>>> while not exists(fpath2):
...     pass
>>> # communicate with the process before you finish
>>> # (otherwise you may leak a text wrapper)
>>> info1['proc'].communicate()
>>> info2['proc'].communicate()
>>> # Check that the process actually did finish
>>> assert (info1['proc'].wait()) == 0
>>> assert (info2['proc'].wait()) == 0
>>> # Check that the process did what we expect
>>> assert ub.readfrom(fpath1) == ''
>>> assert ub.readfrom(fpath2).strip() == 'writing2'

Example

>>> # Can also use ub.cmd to call os.system
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import subprocess
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo hi', check=True, system=True)
>>> with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
>>>     ub.cmd('exit 1', check=True, shell=True)

ubelt.codeblock(text)[source]¶

Create a block of text that preserves all newlines and relative indentation

Wraps multiline string blocks and returns unindented code. Useful for templated code defined in indented parts of code.

Parameters: text (str) – typically a multiline string
Returns: the unindented string
Return type: str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Simulate an indented part of code
>>> if True:
>>>     # notice the indentation on this will be normal
>>>     codeblock_version = ub.codeblock(
...             '''
...             def foo():
...                 return 'bar'
...             '''
...         )
>>>     # notice the indentation and newlines on this will be odd
>>>     normal_version = ('''
...         def foo():
...             return 'bar'
...     ''')
>>> assert normal_version != codeblock_version
>>> print('Without codeblock')
>>> print(normal_version)
>>> print('With codeblock')
>>> print(codeblock_version)

ubelt.color_text(text, color)[source]¶

Colorizes text a single color using ansi tags.

Parameters

text (str) – text to colorize
color (str) – color code. different systems may have different colors. commonly available colors are: ‘red’, ‘brown’, ‘yellow’, ‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘black’, and ‘white’.

Returns

text - colorized text. If pygments is not installed plain text is returned.

Return type

ubelt.util_path.Path.delete()

Example

>>> text = 'raw text'
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> if ub.modname_to_modpath('pygments'):
>>>     # Colors text only if pygments is installed
>>>     ansi_text = ub.ensure_unicode(color_text(text, 'red'))
>>>     prefix = ub.ensure_unicode('\x1b[31')
>>>     print('prefix = {!r}'.format(prefix))
>>>     print('ansi_text = {!r}'.format(ansi_text))
>>>     assert ansi_text.startswith(prefix)
>>>     assert color_text(text, None) == 'raw text'
>>> else:
>>>     # Otherwise text passes through unchanged
>>>     assert color_text(text, 'red') == 'raw text'
>>>     assert color_text(text, None) == 'raw text'

ubelt.compatible(config, func, start=0)[source]¶

Take the subset of dict items that can be passed to function as kwargs

Parameters

config (Dict[str, Any]) – a flat configuration dictionary
func (Callable) – a function or method
start (int, default=0) – Only take args after this position. Set to 1 if calling with an unbound method to avoid the self argument.

Returns

a subset of config that only contains items compatible with the signature of func.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

Example

>>> # An example use case is to select a subset of of a config
>>> # that can be passed to some function as kwargs
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Define a function with args that match some keys in a config.
>>> def func(a, e, f):
>>>     return a * e * f
>>> # Define a config that has a superset of items needed by the func
>>> config = {
...   'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 7,
...   'd': 11, 'e': 13, 'f': 17,
... }
>>> # Call the function only with keys that are compatible
>>> func(**ub.compatible(config, func))
442

Example

>>> # Test case with kwargs
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def func(a, e, f, *args, **kwargs):
>>>     return a * e * f
>>> config = {
...   'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 7,
...   'd': 11, 'e': 13, 'f': 17,
... }
>>> func(**ub.compatible(config, func))

ubelt.compress(items, flags)[source]¶

Selects from items where the corresponding value in flags is True.

Parameters

items (Iterable[Any]) – a sequence to select items from
flags (Iterable[bool]) – corresponding sequence of bools

Returns

a subset of masked items

Return type

Iterable[Any]

Notes

This function is based on numpy.compress(), but is pure Python and swaps the condition and array argument to be consistent with ubelt.take().

This is equivalent to itertools.compress().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> flags = [False, True, True, False, True]
>>> list(ub.compress(items, flags))
[2, 3, 5]

ubelt.ddict¶: alias of collections.defaultdict

ubelt.delete(path, verbose=False)[source]¶

Removes a file or recursively removes a directory. If a path does not exist, then this is does nothing.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – file or directory to remove
verbose (bool) – if True prints what is being done

SeeAlso:

send2trash -: A cross-platform Python package for sending files to the trash instead of irreversibly deleting them.

Notes

This can call os.unlink(), os.rmdir(), or shutil.rmtree(), depending on what path references on the filesystem. (On windows may also call a custom ubelt._win32_links._win32_rmtree()).

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> base = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'delete_test')
>>> dpath1 = ub.ensuredir(join(base, 'dir'))
>>> ub.ensuredir(join(base, 'dir', 'subdir'))
>>> ub.touch(join(base, 'dir', 'to_remove1.txt'))
>>> fpath1 = join(base, 'dir', 'subdir', 'to_remove3.txt')
>>> fpath2 = join(base, 'dir', 'subdir', 'to_remove2.txt')
>>> ub.touch(fpath1)
>>> ub.touch(fpath2)
>>> assert all(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath1, fpath2)))
>>> ub.delete(fpath1)
>>> assert all(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath2)))
>>> assert not exists(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(dpath1)
>>> assert not any(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath1, fpath2)))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import exists, join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'delete_test2')
>>> dpath1 = ub.ensuredir(join(dpath, 'dir'))
>>> fpath1 = ub.touch(join(dpath1, 'to_remove.txt'))
>>> assert exists(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(fpath1)

ubelt.dict_diff(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.difference()

Constructs a dictionary that contains any of the keys in the first arg, which are not in any of the following args.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict[KT, VT] | Iterable[KT]]) – A sequence of dictionaries (or sets of keys). The first argument should always be a dictionary, but the subsequent arguments can just be sets of keys.
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict[KT, VT] | OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Todo

[ ] Add inplace keyword argument, which modifies the first dictionary inplace.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.dict_diff({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'a'}, {'c'})
{'b': 1}
>>> ub.dict_diff(odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]), odict([('c', 3)]))
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])
>>> ub.dict_diff()
{}
>>> ub.dict_diff({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'c'})

ubelt.dict_hist(items, weights=None, ordered=False, labels=None)[source]¶

Builds a histogram of items, counting the number of time each item appears in the input.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – hashable items (usually containing duplicates)
weights (Iterable[float], default=None) – Corresponding weights for each item.
ordered (bool, default=False) – If True the result is ordered by frequency.
labels (Iterable[T], default=None) – Expected labels. Allows this function to pre-initialize the histogram. If specified the frequency of each label is initialized to zero and items can only contain items specified in labels.

Returns

dictionary where the keys are unique elements from items, and the values are the number of times the item appears in items.

Return type

dict[T, int]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 39, 900, 1232, 900, 1232, 2, 2, 2, 900]
>>> hist = ub.dict_hist(items)
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 3, 1232: 2}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 39, 900, 1232, 900, 1232, 2, 2, 2, 900]
>>> hist1 = ub.dict_hist(items)
>>> hist2 = ub.dict_hist(items, ordered=True)
>>> try:
>>>     hist3 = ub.dict_hist(items, labels=[])
>>> except KeyError:
>>>     pass
>>> else:
>>>     raise AssertionError('expected key error')
>>> weights = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]
>>> hist4 = ub.dict_hist(items, weights=weights)
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist1, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 3, 1232: 2}
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist4, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 1, 1232: 0}

ubelt.dict_isect(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.intersection()

Constructs a dictionary that contains keys common between all inputs. The returned values will only belong to the first dictionary.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict[KT, VT] | Iterable[KT]]) – A sequence of dictionaries (or sets of keys). The first argument should always be a dictionary, but the subsequent arguments can just be sets of keys.
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict[KT, VT] | OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Note

This function can be used as an alternative to dict_subset() where any key not in the dictionary is ignored. See the following example:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> ub.dict_isect({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, ['a', 'c', 'd'])
{'a': 1, 'c': 3}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.dict_isect({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 2})
{'b': 1}
>>> ub.dict_isect(odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]), odict([('c', 3)]))
OrderedDict()
>>> ub.dict_isect()
{}

ubelt.dict_subset(dict_, keys, default=NoParam, cls=<class 'collections.OrderedDict'>)[source]¶

Get a subset of a dictionary

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – superset dictionary
keys (Iterable[KT]) – keys to take from dict_
default (Optional[object] | util_const._NoParamType) – if specified uses default if keys are missing.
cls (Type[Dict], default=OrderedDict) – type of the returned dictionary.

Returns

subset dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, VT]

SeeAlso:: dict_isect() - similar functionality, but ignores missing keys

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'K': 3, 'dcvs_clip_max': 0.2, 'p': 0.1}
>>> keys = ['K', 'dcvs_clip_max']
>>> subdict_ = ub.dict_subset(dict_, keys)
>>> print(ub.repr2(subdict_, nl=0))
{'K': 3, 'dcvs_clip_max': 0.2}

ubelt.dict_union(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.union

Combines items with from multiple dictionaries. For items with intersecting keys, dictionaries towards the end of the sequence are given precedence.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict]) – A sequence of dictionaries. Values are taken from the last
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict | OrderedDict

Notes

In Python 3.8+, the bitwise or operator “|” operator performs a similar operation, but as of 2022-06-01 there is still no public method for dictionary union (or any other dictionary set operator).

References

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38987/merge-two-dict

SeeAlso:: collections.ChainMap() - a standard python builtin data structure that provides a view that treats multiple dicts as a single dict. https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#chainmap-objects

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> result = ub.dict_union({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 2})
>>> assert result == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 2}
>>> ub.dict_union(
>>>     ub.odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]),
>>>     ub.odict([('c', 3), ('d', 4)]))
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)])
>>> ub.dict_union()
{}

ubelt.download(url, fpath=None, dpath=None, fname=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha512', chunksize=8192, verbose=1, timeout=NoParam, progkw=None)[source]¶

Downloads a url to a file on disk.

If unspecified the location and name of the file is chosen automatically. A hash_prefix can be specified to verify the integrity of the downloaded data. This function will download the data every time its called. For cached downloading see grabdata.

Parameters

url (str) – The url to download.
fpath (Optional[str | PathLike | io.BytesIO]) – The path to download to. Defaults to basename of url and ubelt’s application cache. If this is a io.BytesIO object then information is directly written to this object (note this prevents the use of temporary files).
dpath (Optional[PathLike]) – where to download the file. If unspecified appname is used to determine this. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
fname (Optional[str]) – What to name the downloaded file. Defaults to the url basename. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
hash_prefix (None | str) – If specified, download will retry / error if the file hash does not match this value. Defaults to None.
hasher (str | Hasher) – If hash_prefix is specified, this indicates the hashing algorithm to apply to the file. Defaults to sha512.
chunksize (int, default=2 * 13*) – Download chunksize.
verbose (int, default=1) – Verbosity level 0 or 1.
timeout (float, default=NoParam) – Specify timeout in seconds for urllib.request.urlopen(). (if not specified, the global default timeout setting will be used) This only works for HTTP, HTTPS and FTP connections for blocking operations like the connection attempt.
progkw (Dict | None) – if specified provides extra arguments to the progress iterator. See ubelt.progiter.ProgIter for available options.

Returns

fpath - path to the downloaded file.

Return type

str | PathLike

Raises

URLError - if there is problem downloading the url –
RuntimeError - if the hash does not match the hash_prefix –

Note

Based largely on code in pytorch [TorchDL] with modifications influenced by other resources [Shichao_2012] [SO_15644964] [SO_16694907].

References

Shichao_2012: https://blog.shichao.io/2012/10/04/progress_speed_indicator_for_urlretrieve_in_python.html
SO_15644964: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15644964/python-progress-bar-and-downloads
SO_16694907: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16694907/how-to-download-large-file-in-python-with-requests-py
TorchDL: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/2787f1d8edbd4aadd4a8680d204341a1d7112e2d/torch/hub.py#L347

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> from ubelt.util_download import *  # NOQA
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = download(url)
>>> print(basename(fpath))
rqwaDag.png

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import io
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> file = io.BytesIO()
>>> fpath = ub.download(url, file)
>>> file.seek(0)
>>> data = file.read()
>>> assert ub.hash_data(data, hasher='sha1').startswith('f79ea24571')

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = download(url, hasher='sha1', hash_prefix='f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35')
Downloading url='http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png' to fpath=...rqwaDag.png
...
...1233/1233... rate=... Hz, eta=..., total=...

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> #fpath = download(url, hasher='sha1', hash_prefix='f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35')
>>> # test download from girder
>>> #url = 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download'
>>> #ub.download(url, hasher='sha512', hash_prefix='c98a46cb31205cf')
>>> with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
>>>     ub.download(url, hasher='sha512', hash_prefix='BAD_HASH')

ubelt.dzip(items1, items2, cls=<class 'dict'>)[source]¶

Zips elementwise pairs between items1 and items2 into a dictionary.

Values from items2 can be broadcast onto items1.

Parameters

items1 (Iterable[KT]) – full sequence
items2 (Iterable[VT]) – can either be a sequence of one item or a sequence of equal length to items1
cls (Type[dict], default=dict) – dictionary type to use.

Returns

similar to dict(zip(items1, items2)).

Return type

Dict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.dzip([1, 2, 3], [4]) == {1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4}
>>> assert ub.dzip([1, 2, 3], [4, 4, 4]) == {1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4}
>>> assert ub.dzip([], [4]) == {}

ubelt.ensure_app_cache_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_cache_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_cache_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.ensure_app_config_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_config_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_config_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_config_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.ensure_app_data_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_data_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_data_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_data_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.ensure_unicode(text)[source]¶

Casts bytes into utf8 (mostly for python2 compatibility)

Parameters: text (str | bytes) – text to ensure is decoded as unicode
Returns: str

References

[SO_12561063] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12561063/extract-data-from-file

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_str import *
>>> import codecs  # NOQA
>>> assert ensure_unicode('my ünicôdé strįng') == 'my ünicôdé strįng'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('text1') == 'text1'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('text1'.encode('utf8')) == 'text1'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('ï»¿text1'.encode('utf8')) == 'ï»¿text1'
>>> assert (codecs.BOM_UTF8 + 'text»¿'.encode('utf8')).decode('utf8')

ubelt.ensuredir(dpath, mode=1023, verbose=0, recreate=False)[source]¶

Ensures that directory will exist. Creates new dir with sticky bits by default

Parameters

dpath (str | PathLike | Tuple[str | PathLike]) – dir to ensure. Can also be a tuple to send to join
mode (int) – octal mode of directory
verbose (int) – verbosity
recreate (bool) – if True removes the directory and all of its contents and creates a fresh new directory. USE CAREFULLY.

Returns

path - the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: ubelt.Path.ensuredir()

Note

This function is not thread-safe in Python2

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> cache_dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> dpath = join(cache_dpath, 'ensuredir')
>>> if exists(dpath):
...     os.rmdir(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(dpath)
>>> ub.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> assert exists(dpath)
>>> os.rmdir(dpath)

ubelt.expandpath(path)[source]¶

Shell-like environment variable and tilde path expansion.

Parameters: path (str | PathLike) – string representation of a path
Returns: expanded path
Return type: str

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert normpath(ub.expandpath('~/foo')) == join(ub.userhome(), 'foo')
>>> assert ub.expandpath('foo') == 'foo'

ubelt.find_duplicates(items, k=2, key=None)[source]¶

Find all duplicate items in a list.

Search for all items that appear more than k times and return a mapping from each (k)-duplicate item to the positions it appeared in.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – hashable items possibly containing duplicates
k (int, default=2) – only return items that appear at least k times.
key (Callable[[T], Any], default=None) – Returns indices where key(items[i]) maps to a particular value at least k times.

Returns

maps each duplicate item to the indices at which it appears

Return type

dict[T, List[int]]

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.duplicates_everseen(), more_itertools.duplicates_justseen().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 12, 2, 9]
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items)
>>> # Duplicates are a mapping from each item that occurs 2 or more
>>> # times to the indices at which they occur.
>>> assert duplicates == {0: [0, 1, 6], 2: [3, 8], 3: [4, 5]}
>>> # You can set k=3 if you want to don't mind duplicates but you
>>> # want to find triplicates or quadruplets etc.
>>> assert ub.find_duplicates(items, k=3) == {0: [0, 1, 6]}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 12, 2, 9]
>>> # note: k can less then 2
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items, k=0)
>>> print(ub.repr2(duplicates, nl=0))
{0: [0, 1, 6], 1: [2], 2: [3, 8], 3: [4, 5], 9: [9], 12: [7]}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items, key=lambda x: x // 2)
>>> print(ub.repr2(duplicates, nl=0))
{5: [0, 1], 6: [2, 3], 7: [4, 5]}

ubelt.find_exe(name, multi=False, path=None)[source]¶

Locate a command.

Search your local filesystem for an executable and return the first matching file with executable permission.

Parameters

name (str | PathLike) – globstr of matching filename
multi (bool, default=False) – if True return all matches instead of just the first.
path (str | PathLike | Iterable[str | PathLike] | None, default=None) – overrides the system PATH variable.

Returns

returns matching executable(s).

Return type

str | List[str] | None

SeeAlso:: shutil.which() - which is available in Python 3.3+.

Note

This is essentially the which UNIX command

References

SO_377017: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/377017/test-if-executable-exists-in-python/377028#377028
shutil_which: https://docs.python.org/dev/library/shutil.html#shutil.which

Example

>>> find_exe('ls')
>>> find_exe('ping')
>>> assert find_exe('which') == find_exe(find_exe('which'))
>>> find_exe('which', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('ping', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('cmake', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('nvcc', multi=True)
>>> find_exe('noexist', multi=True)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert not ub.find_exe('noexist', multi=False)
>>> assert ub.find_exe('ping', multi=False) or ub.find_exe('ls', multi=False)
>>> assert not ub.find_exe('noexist', multi=True)
>>> assert ub.find_exe('ping', multi=True) or ub.find_exe('ls', multi=True)

Benchmark:

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import shutil
>>> for timer in ub.Timerit(100, bestof=10, label='ub.find_exe'):
>>>     ub.find_exe('which')
>>> for timer in ub.Timerit(100, bestof=10, label='shutil.which'):
>>>     shutil.which('which')
Timed best=58.71 µs, mean=59.64 ± 0.96 µs for ub.find_exe
Timed best=72.75 µs, mean=73.07 ± 0.22 µs for shutil.which

ubelt.find_path(name, path=None, exact=False)[source]¶

Search for a file or directory on your local filesystem by name (file must be in a directory specified in a PATH environment variable)

Parameters

name (str | PathLike) – file name to match. If exact is False this may be a glob pattern
path (str | Iterable[str | PathLike], default=None) – list of directories to search either specified as an os.pathsep separated string or a list of directories. Defaults to environment PATH.
exact (bool, default=False) – if True, only returns exact matches.

Yields

str – candidate - a path that matches name

Note

Running with name='' (i.e. ub.find_path('')) will simply yield all directories in your PATH.

Note

For recursive behavior set path=(d for d, _, _ in os.walk('.')), where ‘.’ might be replaced by the root directory of interest.

Example

>>> list(find_path('ping', exact=True))
>>> list(find_path('bin'))
>>> list(find_path('*cc*'))
>>> list(find_path('cmake*'))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import dirname
>>> path = dirname(dirname(ub.util_platform.__file__))
>>> res = sorted(find_path('ubelt/util_*.py', path=path))
>>> assert len(res) >= 10
>>> res = sorted(find_path('ubelt/util_platform.py', path=path, exact=True))
>>> print(res)
>>> assert len(res) == 1

ubelt.flatten(nested)[source]¶

Transforms a nested iterable into a flat iterable.

Parameters: nested (Iterable[Iterable[Any]]) – list of lists
Returns: flattened items
Return type: Iterable[Any]

Notes

Equivalent to more_itertools.flatten() and itertools.chain.from_iterable().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> nested = [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
>>> list(ub.flatten(nested))
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

ubelt.get_app_cache_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application. This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

Returns

dpath - writable cache directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_cache_dir()

ubelt.get_app_config_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application This should be used for persistent configuration files.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

dpath - writable config directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_config_dir()

ubelt.get_app_data_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application. This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

dpath - writable data directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_data_dir()

ubelt.grabdata(url, fpath=None, dpath=None, fname=None, redo=False, verbose=1, appname=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha512', **download_kw)[source]¶

Downloads a file, caches it, and returns its local path.

If unspecified the location and name of the file is chosen automatically. A hash_prefix can be specified to verify the integrity of the downloaded data.

Parameters

url (str) – url of the file to download
fpath (Optional[str | PathLike]) – The full path to download the file to. If unspecified, the arguments dpath and fname are used to determine this.
dpath (Optional[str | PathLike]) – where to download the file. If unspecified appname is used to determine this. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
fname (Optional[str]) – What to name the downloaded file. Defaults to the url basename. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
redo (bool, default=False) – if True forces redownload of the file
verbose (bool, default=True) – verbosity flag
appname (str) – set dpath to ub.get_app_cache_dir(appname). Mutually exclusive with dpath and fpath.
hash_prefix (None | str) – If specified, grabdata verifies that this matches the hash of the file, and then saves the hash in a adjacent file to certify that the download was successful. Defaults to None.
hasher (str | Hasher) – If hash_prefix is specified, this indicates the hashing algorithm to apply to the file. Defaults to sha512. NOTE: Only pass hasher as a string. Passing as an instance is deprecated and can cause unexpected results.
**download_kw – additional kwargs to pass to ubelt.util_download.download()

Returns

fpath - path to downloaded or cached file.

Return type

str | PathLike

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_download grabdata --network

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname='mario.png')
>>> result = basename(fpath)
>>> print(result)
mario.png

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import json
>>> fname = 'foo.bar'
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> prefix1 = '944389a39dfb8fa9'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1, verbose=3)
>>> stamp_fpath = ub.Path(fpath + '.stamp_sha512.json')
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix1)
>>> # Check that the download doesn't happen again
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> # todo: check file timestamps have not changed
>>> #
>>> # Check redo works with hash
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1, redo=True)
>>> # todo: check file timestamps have changed
>>> #
>>> # Check that a redownload occurs when the stamp is changed
>>> with open(stamp_fpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('corrupt-stamp')
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix1)
>>> #
>>> # Check that a redownload occurs when the stamp is removed
>>> ub.delete(stamp_fpath)
>>> with open(fpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('corrupt-data')
>>> assert not ub.hash_file(fpath, base='hex', hasher='sha512').startswith(prefix1)
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> assert ub.hash_file(fpath, base='hex', hasher='sha512').startswith(prefix1)
>>> #
>>> # Check that requesting new data causes redownload
>>> #url2 = 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download'
>>> #prefix2 = 'c98a46cb31205cf'  # hack SSL
>>> url2 = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> prefix2 = '944389a39dfb8fa9'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url2, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix2)
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix2)

ubelt.group_items(items, key)[source]¶

Groups a list of items by group id.

Parameters

items (Iterable[VT]) – a list of items to group
key (Iterable[KT] | Callable[[VT], KT]) – either a corresponding list of group-ids for each item or a function used to map each item to a group-id.

Returns

a mapping from each group id to the list of corresponding items

Return type

dict[KT, List[VT]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items    = ['ham',     'jam',   'spam',     'eggs',    'cheese', 'banana']
>>> groupids = ['protein', 'fruit', 'protein',  'protein', 'dairy',  'fruit']
>>> id_to_items = ub.group_items(items, groupids)
>>> print(ub.repr2(id_to_items, nl=0))
{'dairy': ['cheese'], 'fruit': ['jam', 'banana'], 'protein': ['ham', 'spam', 'eggs']}

ubelt.hash_data(data, hasher=NoParam, base=NoParam, types=False, convert=False, extensions=None)[source]¶

Get a unique hash depending on the state of the data.

Parameters

data (object) – Any sort of loosely organized data
hasher (str | Hasher, default=’sha512’) – string code or a hash algorithm from hashlib. Valid hashing algorithms are defined by hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed (e.g. ‘sha1’, ‘sha512’, ‘md5’) as well as ‘xxh32’ and ‘xxh64’ if xxhash is installed.
base (List[str] | str, default=’hex’) – list of symbols or shorthand key. Valid keys are ‘abc’, ‘hex’, and ‘dec’.
types (bool) – If True data types are included in the hash, otherwise only the raw data is hashed. Defaults to False.
convert (bool, default=True) – if True, try and convert the data to json an the json is hashed instead. This can improve runtime in some instances, however the hash may differ from the case where convert=False.
extensions (HashableExtensions) – a custom HashableExtensions instance that can overwrite or define how different types of objects are hashed.

Note

The types allowed are specified by the HashableExtensions object. By default ubelt will register:

OrderedDict, uuid.UUID, np.random.RandomState, np.int64, np.int32, np.int16, np.int8, np.uint64, np.uint32, np.uint16, np.uint8, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.float128, np.ndarray, bytes, str, int, float, long (in python2), list, tuple, set, and dict

Returns: text representing the hashed data
Return type: str

Note

The alphabet26 base is a pretty nice base, I recommend it. However we default to base='hex' because it is standard. You can try the alphabet26 base by setting base='abc'.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(ub.hash_data([1, 2, (3, '4')], convert=False))
60b758587f599663931057e6ebdf185a...
>>> print(ub.hash_data([1, 2, (3, '4')], base='abc',  hasher='sha512')[:32])
hsrgqvfiuxvvhcdnypivhhthmrolkzej

ubelt.hash_file(fpath, blocksize=1048576, stride=1, maxbytes=None, hasher=NoParam, base=NoParam)[source]¶

Hashes the data in a file on disk.

The results of this function agree with the standard UNIX commands (e.g. sha1sum, sha512sum, md5sum, etc…)

Parameters

fpath (PathLike) – location of the file to be hashed.
blocksize (int, default=2 * 20*) – Amount of data to read and hash at a time. There is a trade off and the optimal number will depend on specific hardware. This number was chosen to be optimal on a developer system. See “dev/bench_hash_file” for methodology to choose this number for your use case.
stride (int, default=1) – strides > 1 skip data to hash, useful for faster hashing, but less accurate, also makes hash dependent on blocksize.
maxbytes (int | None) – if specified, only hash the leading maxbytes of data in the file.
hasher (str | Hasher, default=’sha512’) – string code or a hash algorithm from hashlib. Valid hashing algorithms are defined by hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed (e.g. ‘sha1’, ‘sha512’, ‘md5’) as well as ‘xxh32’ and ‘xxh64’ if xxhash is installed.

TODO: add logic such that you can update an existing hasher
base (List[str] | str, default=’hex’) – list of symbols or shorthand key. Valid keys are ‘abc’, ‘hex’, and ‘dec’.

Note

For better hashes keep stride = 1. For faster hashes set stride > 1. Blocksize matters when stride > 1.

References

SO_3431825: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3431825/md5-checksum-of-a-file
SO_5001893: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5001893/when-to-use-sha-1-vs-sha-2

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'tmp1.txt'
>>> fpath.write_text('foobar')
>>> print(ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex'))
8843d7f92416211de9ebb963ff4ce28125932878

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'tmp2.txt'
>>> # We have the ability to only hash at most ``maxbytes`` in a file
>>> fpath.write_text('abcdefghijklmnop')
>>> h0 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=11, blocksize=3)
>>> h1 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=3)
>>> h2 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=32)
>>> h3 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=1)
>>> h4 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=18)
>>> assert h1 == h2 == h3 == h4
>>> assert h1 != h0

>>> # Using a stride makes the result dependent on the blocksize
>>> h0 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=11, blocksize=3, stride=2)
>>> h1 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=3, stride=2)
>>> h2 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=32, stride=2)
>>> h3 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=1, stride=2)
>>> h4 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=18, stride=2)
>>> assert h1 != h2 != h3
>>> assert h1 == h0
>>> assert h2 == h4

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt/tests/test-hash')
>>> fpath = ub.touch(join(dpath, 'empty_file'))
>>> # Test that the output is the same as sha1sum executable
>>> if ub.find_exe('sha1sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['sha1sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)
>>> # Do the same for sha512 sum and md5sum
>>> if ub.find_exe('sha512sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['sha512sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha512')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)
>>> if ub.find_exe('md5sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['md5sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='md5')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)

ubelt.highlight_code(text, lexer_name='python', **kwargs)[source]¶

Highlights a block of text using ANSI tags based on language syntax.

Parameters

text (str) – plain text to highlight
lexer_name (str) – name of language. eg: python, docker, c++
**kwargs – passed to pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name

Returns

text - highlighted text If pygments is not installed, the plain text is returned.

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> text = 'import ubelt as ub; print(ub)'
>>> new_text = ub.highlight_code(text)
>>> print(new_text)

ubelt.hzcat(args, sep='')[source]¶

Horizontally concatenates strings preserving indentation

Concatenates a list of objects ensuring that the next item in the list is all the way to the right of any previous items.

Parameters

args (List[str]) – strings to concatenate
sep (str, default=’’) – separator

Example1:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> B = ub.repr2([[1, 2], [3, 457]], nl=1, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> C = ub.repr2([[5, 6], [7, 8]], nl=1, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> args = ['A = ', B, ' * ', C]
>>> print(ub.hzcat(args))
A = [[1, 2],   * [[5, 6],
     [3, 457]]    [7, 8]]

Example2:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import unicodedata
>>> aa = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', 'á')  # a unicode char with len2
>>> B = ub.repr2([['θ', aa], [aa, aa, aa]], nl=1, si=True, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> C = ub.repr2([[5, 6], [7, 'θ']], nl=1, si=True, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> args = ['A', '=', B, '*', C]
>>> print(ub.hzcat(args, sep='｜'))
A｜=｜[[θ, á],   ｜*｜[[5, 6],
 ｜ ｜ [á, á, á]]｜ ｜ [7, θ]]

ubelt.identity(arg=None, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The identity function. Simply returns the value of its first input.

All other inputs are ignored. Defaults to None if called without args.

Parameters

arg (object, default=None) – some value
*args – ignored
**kwargs – ignored

Returns

arg - the same value

Return type

object

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.identity(42)
42
>>> ub.identity(42, 42)
42
>>> ub.identity()
None

ubelt.import_module_from_name(modname)[source]¶

Imports a module from its string name (i.e. __name__)

Parameters: modname (str) – module name
Returns: module
Return type: ModuleType

SeeAlso:: import_module_from_path()

Example

>>> # test with modules that won't be imported in normal circumstances
>>> # todo write a test where we guarantee this
>>> modname_list = [
>>>     'pickletools',
>>>     'lib2to3.fixes.fix_apply',
>>> ]
>>> #assert not any(m in sys.modules for m in modname_list)
>>> modules = [import_module_from_name(modname) for modname in modname_list]
>>> assert [m.__name__ for m in modules] == modname_list
>>> assert all(m in sys.modules for m in modname_list)

ubelt.import_module_from_path(modpath, index=- 1)[source]¶

Imports a module via its path

Parameters

modpath (str | PathLike) – Path to the module on disk or within a zipfile.
index (int) – Location at which we modify PYTHONPATH if necessary. If your module name does not conflict, the safest value is -1, However, if there is a conflict, then use an index of 0. The default may change to 0 in the future.

Returns

the imported module

Return type

ModuleType

References

SO_67631: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67631/import-module-given-path

Note

If the module is part of a package, the package will be imported first. These modules may cause problems when reloading via IPython magic

This can import a module from within a zipfile. To do this modpath should specify the path to the zipfile and the path to the module within that zipfile separated by a colon or pathsep. E.g. “/path/to/archive.zip:mymodule.pl”

Warning

It is best to use this with paths that will not conflict with previously existing modules.

If the modpath conflicts with a previously existing module name. And the target module does imports of its own relative to this conflicting path. In this case, the module that was loaded first will win.

For example if you try to import ‘/foo/bar/pkg/mod.py’ from the folder structure:

- foo/
  +- bar/
     +- pkg/
        +  __init__.py
        |- mod.py
        |- helper.py

If there exists another module named pkg already in sys.modules and mod.py does something like from . import helper, Python will assume helper belongs to the pkg module already in sys.modules. This can cause a NameError or worse — a incorrect helper module.

SeeAlso:: import_module_from_name()

Example

>>> import xdoctest
>>> modpath = xdoctest.__file__
>>> module = import_module_from_path(modpath)
>>> assert module is xdoctest

Example

>>> # Test importing a module from within a zipfile
>>> import zipfile
>>> from xdoctest import utils
>>> from os.path import join, expanduser, normpath
>>> dpath = expanduser('~/.cache/xdoctest')
>>> dpath = utils.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> #dpath = utils.TempDir().ensure()
>>> # Write to an external module named bar
>>> external_modpath = join(dpath, 'bar.py')
>>> # For pypy support we have to write this using with
>>> with open(external_modpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('testvar = 1')
>>> internal = 'folder/bar.py'
>>> # Move the external bar module into a zipfile
>>> zippath = join(dpath, 'myzip.zip')
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile(zippath, 'w') as myzip:
>>>     myzip.write(external_modpath, internal)
>>> # Import the bar module from within the zipfile
>>> modpath = zippath + ':' + internal
>>> modpath = zippath + os.path.sep + internal
>>> module = import_module_from_path(modpath)
>>> assert normpath(module.__name__) == normpath('folder/bar')
>>> assert module.testvar == 1

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(IOError):
>>>     import_module_from_path('does-not-exist')
>>> with pytest.raises(IOError):
>>>     import_module_from_path('does-not-exist.zip/')

ubelt.indent(text, prefix=' ')[source]¶

Indents a block of text

Parameters

text (str) – text to indent
prefix (str, default = ‘ ‘) – prefix to add to each line

Returns

indented text

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> NL = chr(10)  # newline character
>>> text = 'Lorem ipsum' + NL + 'dolor sit amet'
>>> prefix = '    '
>>> result = ub.indent(text, prefix)
>>> assert all(t.startswith(prefix) for t in result.split(NL))

ubelt.indexable_allclose(dct1, dct2, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0, return_info=False)[source]¶

Walks through two nested data structures and ensures that everything is roughly the same.

Parameters

dct1 (dict) – a nested indexable item
dct2 (dict) – a nested indexable item
rel_tol (float) – maximum difference for being considered “close”, relative to the magnitude of the input values
abs_tol (float) – maximum difference for being considered “close”, regardless of the magnitude of the input values
return_info (bool, default=False) – if true, return extra info

Returns

A boolean result if return_info is false, otherwise a tuple of the boolean result and an “info” dict containing detailed results indicating what matched and what did not.

Return type

bool | Tuple[bool, Dict]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dct1 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.222222, 1.333],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> dct2 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.22222, 1.333],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose(dct1, dct2, return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {}'.format(ub.repr2(return_info, nl=1)))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

>>> walker1 = return_info['walker1']
>>> for p1, v1, v2  in return_info['faillist']:
>>>     v1_ = walker1[p1]
>>>     print('*fail p1, v1, v2 = {}, {}, {}'.format(p1, v1, v2))
>>> for p1 in return_info['passlist']:
>>>     v1_ = walker1[p1]
>>>     print('*pass p1, v1_ = {}, {}'.format(p1, v1_))
>>> assert not flag

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dct1 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.0000000000000000000000001, 1.],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> dct2 = {
>>>     'foo': [0.9999999999999999, 1.],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose(dct1, dct2, return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {}'.format(ub.repr2(return_info, nl=1)))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose([], [], return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {!r}'.format(return_info))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> flag =  ub.indexable_allclose([], [], return_info=False)
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose([], [1], return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {!r}'.format(return_info))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

ubelt.inject_method(self, func, name=None)[source]¶

Injects a function into an object instance as a bound method

The main use case of this function is for monkey patching. While monkey patching is sometimes necessary it should generally be avoided. Thus, we simply remind the developer that there might be a better way.

Parameters

self (T) – Instance to inject a function into.
func (Callable[…, Any]) – The function to inject (must contain an arg for self).
name (str, default=None) – Name of the method. optional. If not specified the name of the function is used.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Foo(object):
>>>     def bar(self):
>>>         return 'bar'
>>> def baz(self):
>>>     return 'baz'
>>> self = Foo()
>>> assert self.bar() == 'bar'
>>> assert not hasattr(self, 'baz')
>>> ub.inject_method(self, baz)
>>> assert not hasattr(Foo, 'baz'), 'should only change one instance'
>>> assert self.baz() == 'baz'
>>> ub.inject_method(self, baz, 'bar')
>>> assert self.bar() == 'baz'

ubelt.invert_dict(dict_, unique_vals=True)[source]¶

Swaps the keys and values in a dictionary.

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to invert
unique_vals (bool, default=True) – if False, the values of the new dictionary are sets of the original keys.

Returns

the inverted dictionary

Return type

Dict[VT, KT] | Dict[VT, Set[KT]]

Note

The must values be hashable.

If the original dictionary contains duplicate values, then only one of the corresponding keys will be returned and the others will be discarded. This can be prevented by setting unique_vals=False, causing the inverted keys to be returned in a set.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_)
>>> assert inverted == {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = ub.odict([(2, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (0, 'c'), (None, 'd')])
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_)
>>> assert list(inverted.keys())[0] == 'a'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 1, 'b': 0, 'c': 0, 'd': 0, 'f': 2}
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_, unique_vals=False)
>>> assert inverted == {0: {'b', 'c', 'd'}, 1: {'a'}, 2: {'f'}}

ubelt.iter_window(iterable, size=2, step=1, wrap=False)[source]¶

Iterates through iterable with a window size. This is essentially a 1D sliding window.

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – an iterable sequence
size (int, default=2) – sliding window size
step (int, default=1) – sliding step size
wrap (bool, default=False) – wraparound flag

Returns

returns a possibly overlapping windows in a sequence

Return type

Iterable[T]

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.windowed(), Similar to more_itertools.pairwise(), Similar to more_itertools.triplewise(), Similar to more_itertools.sliding_window()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 1, True
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = %r' % (window_list,))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6), (5, 6, 1), (6, 1, 2)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, True
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 1)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, False
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = []
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, False
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = []

ubelt.iterable(obj, strok=False)[source]¶

Checks if the input implements the iterator interface. An exception is made for strings, which return False unless strok is True

Parameters

obj (object) – a scalar or iterable input
strok (bool, default=False) – if True allow strings to be interpreted as iterable

Returns

True if the input is iterable

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> obj_list = [3, [3], '3', (3,), [3, 4, 5], {}]
>>> result = [ub.iterable(obj) for obj in obj_list]
>>> assert result == [False, True, False, True, True, True]
>>> result = [ub.iterable(obj, strok=True) for obj in obj_list]
>>> assert result == [False, True, True, True, True, True]

ubelt.map_keys(func, dict_)[source]¶

Apply a function to every key in a dictionary.

Creates a new dictionary with the same values and modified keys. An error is raised if the new keys are not unique.

Parameters

func (Callable[[KT], T] | Mapping[KT, T]) – a function or indexable object
dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary

Returns

transformed dictionary

Return type

Dict[T, VT]

Raises

Exception – if multiple keys map to the same value

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}
>>> func = ord
>>> newdict = ub.map_keys(func, dict_)
>>> print(newdict)
>>> assert newdict == {97: [1, 2, 3], 98: []}
>>> dict_ = {0: [1, 2, 3], 1: []}
>>> func = ['a', 'b']
>>> newdict = ub.map_keys(func, dict_)
>>> print(newdict)
>>> assert newdict == {'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}

ubelt.map_vals(func, dict_)[source]¶

Apply a function to every value in a dictionary.

Creates a new dictionary with the same keys and modified values.

Parameters

func (Callable[[VT], T] | Mapping[VT, T]) – a function or indexable object
dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary

Returns

transformed dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, T]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}
>>> newdict = ub.map_vals(len, dict_)
>>> assert newdict ==  {'a': 3, 'b': 0}

Example

>>> # Can also use an indexable as ``func``
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 0, 'b': 1}
>>> func = [42, 21]
>>> newdict = ub.map_vals(func, dict_)
>>> assert newdict ==  {'a': 42, 'b': 21}
>>> print(newdict)

ubelt.memoize(func)[source]¶

memoization decorator that respects args and kwargs

In Python 3.9. The functools introduces the cache method, which is currently faster than memoize for simple functions [FunctoolsCache]. However, memoize can handle more general non-natively hashable inputs.

Parameters: func (Callable) – live python function
Returns: memoized wrapper
Return type: Callable

References

WikiMemoize: https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary#Memoize
FunctoolsCache: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> closure = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
>>> incr = [0]
>>> def foo(key):
>>>     value = closure[key]
>>>     incr[0] += 1
>>>     return value
>>> foo_memo = ub.memoize(foo)
>>> assert foo('a') == 'b' and foo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 2
>>> print('Call memoized version')
>>> assert foo_memo('a') == 'b' and foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> assert foo_memo('a') == 'b' and foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> print('Counter should no longer increase')
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> print('Closure changes result without memoization')
>>> closure = {'a': 0, 'c': 1}
>>> assert foo('a') == 0 and foo('c') == 1
>>> assert incr[0] == 6
>>> assert foo_memo('a') == 'b' and foo_memo('c') == 'd'

class ubelt.memoize_method(func)[source]¶

Bases: object

memoization decorator for a method that respects args and kwargs

References

ActiveState_Miller_2010: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> closure = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
>>> incr = [0]
>>> class Foo(object):
>>>     @memoize_method
>>>     def foo_memo(self, key):
>>>         value = closure[key]
>>>         incr[0] += 1
>>>         return value
>>>     def foo(self, key):
>>>         value = closure[key]
>>>         incr[0] += 1
>>>         return value
>>> self = Foo()
>>> assert self.foo('a') == 'b' and self.foo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 2
>>> print('Call memoized version')
>>> assert self.foo_memo('a') == 'b' and self.foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> assert self.foo_memo('a') == 'b' and self.foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> print('Counter should no longer increase')
>>> assert incr[0] == 4
>>> print('Closure changes result without memoization')
>>> closure = {'a': 0, 'c': 1}
>>> assert self.foo('a') == 0 and self.foo('c') == 1
>>> assert incr[0] == 6
>>> assert self.foo_memo('a') == 'b' and self.foo_memo('c') == 'd'
>>> print('Constructing a new object should get a new cache')
>>> self2 = Foo()
>>> self2.foo_memo('a')
>>> assert incr[0] == 7
>>> self2.foo_memo('a')
>>> assert incr[0] == 7

ubelt.memoize_property(fget)[source]¶

Return a property attribute for new-style classes that only calls its getter on the first access. The result is stored and on subsequent accesses is returned, preventing the need to call the getter any more.

This decorator can either be used by itself or by decorating another property. In either case the method will always become a property.

Note

implementation is a modified version of [estebistec_memoize].

References

estebistec_memoize: https://github.com/estebistec/python-memoized-property

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class C(object):
...     load_name_count = 0
...     @ub.memoize_property
...     def name(self):
...         "name's docstring"
...         self.load_name_count += 1
...         return "the name"
...     @ub.memoize_property
...     @property
...     def another_name(self):
...         "name's docstring"
...         self.load_name_count += 1
...         return "the name"
>>> c = C()
>>> c.load_name_count
0
>>> c.name
'the name'
>>> c.load_name_count
1
>>> c.name
'the name'
>>> c.load_name_count
1
>>> c.another_name

ubelt.modname_to_modpath(modname, hide_init=True, hide_main=False, sys_path=None)[source]¶

Finds the path to a python module from its name.

Determines the path to a python module without directly import it

Converts the name of a module (__name__) to the path (__file__) where it is located without importing the module. Returns None if the module does not exist.

Parameters

modname (str) – module filepath
hide_init (bool) – if False, __init__.py will be returned for packages
hide_main (bool) – if False, and hide_init is True, __main__.py will be returned for packages, if it exists.
sys_path (list, default=None) – if specified overrides sys.path

Returns

modpath - path to the module, or None if it doesn’t exist

Return type

Example

>>> modname = 'xdoctest.__main__'
>>> modpath = modname_to_modpath(modname, hide_main=False)
>>> assert modpath.endswith('__main__.py')
>>> modname = 'xdoctest'
>>> modpath = modname_to_modpath(modname, hide_init=False)
>>> assert modpath.endswith('__init__.py')
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(CPython)
>>> modpath = basename(modname_to_modpath('_ctypes'))
>>> assert 'ctypes' in modpath

ubelt.modpath_to_modname(modpath, hide_init=True, hide_main=False, check=True, relativeto=None)[source]¶

Determines importable name from file path

Converts the path to a module (__file__) to the importable python name (__name__) without importing the module.

The filename is converted to a module name, and parent directories are recursively included until a directory without an __init__.py file is encountered.

Parameters

modpath (str) – module filepath
hide_init (bool, default=True) – removes the __init__ suffix
hide_main (bool, default=False) – removes the __main__ suffix
check (bool, default=True) – if False, does not raise an error if modpath is a dir and does not contain an __init__ file.
relativeto (str, default=None) – if specified, all checks are ignored and this is considered the path to the root module.

Todo

[ ] Does this need modification to support PEP 420?
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/

Returns: modname
Return type: str
Raises: ValueError – if check is True and the path does not exist

Example

>>> from xdoctest import static_analysis
>>> modpath = static_analysis.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')
>>> modpath = modpath.replace('.pyc', '.py')
>>> modname = modpath_to_modname(modpath)
>>> assert modname == 'xdoctest.static_analysis'

Example

>>> import xdoctest
>>> assert modpath_to_modname(xdoctest.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')) == 'xdoctest'
>>> assert modpath_to_modname(dirname(xdoctest.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py'))) == 'xdoctest'

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(CPython)
>>> modpath = modname_to_modpath('_ctypes')
>>> modname = modpath_to_modname(modpath)
>>> assert modname == '_ctypes'

Example

>>> modpath = '/foo/libfoobar.linux-x86_64-3.6.so'
>>> modname = modpath_to_modname(modpath, check=False)
>>> assert modname == 'libfoobar'

ubelt.named_product(_=None, **basis)[source]¶

Generates the Cartesian product of the basis.values(), where each generated item labeled by basis.keys().

In other words, given a dictionary that maps each “axes” (i.e. some variable) to its “basis” (i.e. the possible values that it can take), generate all possible points in that grid (i.e. unique assignments of variables to values).

Parameters

_ (Dict[str, List[VT]] | None, default=None) – Use of this positional argument is not recommend. Instead specify all arguments as keyword args.

If specified, this should be a dictionary is unioned with the keyword args. This exists to support ordered dictionaries before Python 3.6, and may eventually be removed.
basis (Dict[str, List[VT]]) – A dictionary where the keys correspond to “columns” and the values are a list of possible values that “column” can take.

I.E. each key corresponds to an “axes”, the values are the list of possible values for that “axes”.

Yields

Dict[str, VT] – a “row” in the “longform” data containing a point in the Cartesian product.

Note

This function is similar to itertools.product(), the only difference is that the generated items are a dictionary that retains the input keys instead of an tuple.

This function used to be called “basis_product”, but “named_product” might be more appropriate. This function exists in other places ([minstrel271_namedproduct], [pytb_namedproduct], and [Hettinger_namedproduct]).

References

minstrel271_namedproduct: https://gist.github.com/minstrel271/d51654af3fa4e6411267
pytb_namedproduct: https://py-toolbox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/itertools.html#
Hettinger_namedproduct: https://twitter.com/raymondh/status/970380630822305792

Example

>>> # An example use case is looping over all possible settings in a
>>> # configuration dictionary for a grid search over parameters.
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> basis = {
>>>     'arg1': [1, 2, 3],
>>>     'arg2': ['A1', 'B1'],
>>>     'arg3': [9999, 'Z2'],
>>>     'arg4': ['always'],
>>> }
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # sort input data for older python versions
>>> basis = ub.odict(sorted(basis.items()))
>>> got = list(ub.named_product(basis))
>>> print(ub.repr2(got, nl=-1))
[
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 2, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'A1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 9999, 'arg4': 'always'},
    {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 'B1', 'arg3': 'Z2', 'arg4': 'always'}
]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> list(ub.named_product(a=[1, 2, 3]))
[{'a': 1}, {'a': 2}, {'a': 3}]
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> list(ub.named_product(a=[1, 2, 3], b=[4, 5]))
[{'a': 1, 'b': 4},
 {'a': 1, 'b': 5},
 {'a': 2, 'b': 4},
 {'a': 2, 'b': 5},
 {'a': 3, 'b': 4},
 {'a': 3, 'b': 5}]

ubelt.odict¶: alias of collections.OrderedDict

ubelt.oset¶: alias of ubelt.orderedset.OrderedSet

ubelt.paragraph(text)[source]¶

Wraps multi-line strings and restructures the text to remove all newlines, heading, trailing, and double spaces.

Useful for writing log messages

Parameters: text (str) – typically a multiline string
Returns: the reduced text block
Return type: str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> text = (
>>>     '''
>>>     Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
>>>     elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et
>>>     dolore magna aliqua.
>>>     ''')
>>> out = ub.paragraph(text)
>>> assert chr(10) in text
>>> assert chr(10) not in out
>>> print('text = {!r}'.format(text))
>>> print('out = {!r}'.format(out))

ubelt.peek(iterable, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Look at the first item of an iterable. If the input is an iterator, then the next element is exhausted (i.e. a pop operation).

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – an iterable
default (T) – default item to return if the iterable is empty, otherwise a StopIteration error is raised

Returns

item - the first item of ordered sequence, a popped item from an: iterator, or an arbitrary item from an unordered collection.

Return type

T

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.peekable()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = [0, 1, 2]
>>> ub.peek(data)
0
>>> iterator = iter(data)
>>> print(ub.peek(iterator))
0
>>> print(ub.peek(iterator))
1
>>> print(ub.peek(iterator))
2
>>> ub.peek(range(3))
0
>>> ub.peek([], 3)
3

ubelt.platform_cache_dir()[source]¶

Returns a directory which should be writable for any application This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Returns: path to the cache dir used by the current operating system
Return type: str

ubelt.platform_config_dir()[source]¶

Returns a directory which should be writable for any application This should be used for persistent configuration files.

Returns: path to the cache dir used by the current operating system
Return type: str

ubelt.platform_data_dir()[source]¶

Returns path for user-specific data files

Returns: path to the data dir used by the current operating system
Return type: str

ubelt.readfrom(fpath, aslines=False, errors='replace', verbose=None)[source]¶

Reads (utf8) text from a file.

Note

You probably should use ub.Path(<fpath>).read_text() instead. This function exists as a convenience for writing in Python2. After 2020-01-01, we may consider deprecating the function.

Parameters

fpath (str | PathLike) – file path
aslines (bool) – if True returns list of lines
verbose (bool) – verbosity flag

Returns

text from fpath (this is unicode)

Return type

ubelt.repr2(data, **kwargs)[source]¶

Makes a pretty string representation of data.

Makes a pretty and easy-to-doctest string representation. Has nice handling of common nested datatypes. This is an alternative to repr, and pprint.pformat().

This output of this function are configurable. By default it aims to produce strings that are consistent, compact, and executable. This makes them great for doctests.

Note

This function has many keyword arguments that can be used to customize the final representation. For convenience some of the more frequently used kwargs have short aliases. See “Kwargs” for more details.

Parameters: data (object) – an arbitrary python object to form the string “representation” of

Kwargs:

si, stritems, (bool):

dict/list items use str instead of repr

strkeys, sk (bool):

dict keys use str instead of repr

strvals, sv (bool):

dict values use str instead of repr

nl, newlines (int | bool):

number of top level nestings to place a newline after. If true all items are followed by newlines regardless of nesting level. Defaults to 1 for lists and True for dicts.

nobr, nobraces (bool, default=False):

if True, text will not contain outer braces for containers

cbr, compact_brace (bool, default=False):

if True, braces are compactified (i.e. they will not have newlines placed directly after them, think java / K&R / 1TBS)

trailsep, trailing_sep (bool):

if True, a separator is placed after the last item in a sequence. By default this is True if there are any nl > 0.

explicit (bool, default=False):

changes dict representation from {k1: v1, ...} to dict(k1=v1, ...).

Modifies:: default kvsep is modified to '=' dict braces from {} to dict().

compact (bool, default=False):

Produces values more suitable for space constrianed environments

Modifies:: default kvsep is modified to '=' default itemsep is modified to '' default nobraces is modified to 1. default nl is modified to 0. default strkeys to True default strvals to True

precision (int, default=None):

if specified floats are formatted with this precision

kvsep (str, default=’: ‘):

separator between keys and values

itemsep (str, default=’ ‘):

separator between items

sort (bool | callable, default=None):

if None, then sort unordered collections, but keep the ordering of ordered collections. This option attempts to be deterministic in most cases.

New in 0.8.0: if sort is callable, it will be used as a key-function to sort all collections.

if False, then nothing will be sorted, and the representation of unordered collections will be arbitrary and possibly non-determenistic.

if True, attempts to sort all collections in the returned text. Currently if True this WILL sort lists. Currently if True this WILL NOT sort OrderedDicts.

NOTE:: The previous behavior may not be intuitive, as such the behavior of this arg is subject to change.

suppress_small (bool):

passed to numpy.array2string() for ndarrays

max_line_width (int):

passed to numpy.array2string() for ndarrays

with_dtype (bool):

only relevant to numpy.ndarrays. if True includes the dtype. Defaults to not strvals.

align (bool | str, default=False):

if True, will align multi-line dictionaries by the kvsep

extensions (FormatterExtensions):

a custom FormatterExtensions instance that can overwrite or define how different types of objects are formatted.

Returns: outstr - output string
Return type: str

Note

There are also internal kwargs, which should not be used:

_return_info (bool): return information about child context

_root_info (depth): information about parent context

RelatedWork:: rich.pretty.pretty_repr() pprint.pformat()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {
...     'custom_types': [slice(0, 1, None), 1/3],
...     'nest_dict': {'k1': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}],
...                   'key2': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}],
...                   'key3': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}],
...                   },
...     'nest_dict2': {'k': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}]},
...     'nested_tuples': [tuple([1]), tuple([2, 3]), frozenset([4, 5, 6])],
...     'one_tup': tuple([1]),
...     'simple_dict': {'spam': 'eggs', 'ham': 'jam'},
...     'simple_list': [1, 2, 'red', 'blue'],
...     'odict': ub.odict([(1, '1'), (2, '2')]),
... }
>>> # In the interest of saving space we are only going to show the
>>> # output for the first example.
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=1, precision=2)
>>> print(result)
{
    'custom_types': [slice(0, 1, None), 0.33],
    'nest_dict': {'k1': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}], 'key2': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}], 'key3': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}]},
    'nest_dict2': {'k': [1, 2, {3: {4, 5}}]},
    'nested_tuples': [(1,), (2, 3), {4, 5, 6}],
    'odict': {1: '1', 2: '2'},
    'one_tup': (1,),
    'simple_dict': {'ham': 'jam', 'spam': 'eggs'},
    'simple_list': [1, 2, 'red', 'blue'],
}
>>> # You can try the rest yourself.
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, precision=2); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=2, precision=2); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=1, precision=2, itemsep='', explicit=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=1, precision=2, nobr=1, itemsep='', explicit=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, precision=2, cbr=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, precision=2, si=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, sort=True); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, sort=False, trailing_sep=False); print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=3, sort=False, trailing_sep=False, nobr=True); print(result)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def _nest(d, w):
...     if d == 0:
...         return {}
...     else:
...         return {'n{}'.format(d): _nest(d - 1, w + 1), 'm{}'.format(d): _nest(d - 1, w + 1)}
>>> dict_ = _nest(d=4, w=1)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=6, precision=2, cbr=1)
>>> print('---')
>>> print(result)
>>> result = ub.repr2(dict_, nl=-1, precision=2)
>>> print('---')
>>> print(result)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> data = {'a': 100, 'b': [1, '2', 3], 'c': {20:30, 40: 'five'}}
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, nl=1))
{
    'a': 100,
    'b': [1, '2', 3],
    'c': {20: 30, 40: 'five'},
}
>>> # Compact is useful for things like timerit.Timerit labels
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, compact=True))
a=100,b=[1,2,3],c={20=30,40=five}
>>> print(ub.repr2(data, compact=True, nobr=False))
{a=100,b=[1,2,3],c={20=30,40=five}}

ubelt.shrinkuser(path, home='~')[source]¶

Inverse of os.path.expanduser().

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – path in system file structure
home (str) – symbol used to replace the home path. Defaults to ‘~’, but you might want to use ‘$HOME’ or ‘%USERPROFILE%’ instead.

Returns

path - shortened path replacing the home directory with a symbol

Return type

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> path = expanduser('~')
>>> assert path != '~'
>>> assert shrinkuser(path) == '~'
>>> assert shrinkuser(path + '1') == path + '1'
>>> assert shrinkuser(path + '/1') == join('~', '1')
>>> assert shrinkuser(path + '/1', '$HOME') == join('$HOME', '1')
>>> assert shrinkuser('.') == '.'

ubelt.sorted_keys(dict_, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Return an ordered dictionary sorted by its keys

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to sort. The keys must be of comparable types.
key (Callable[[KT], Any] | None) – If given as a callable, customizes the sorting by ordering using transformed keys.
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

new dictionary where the keys are ordered

Return type

OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.20, 'jam': 2.92}
>>> newdict = sorted_keys(dict_)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'eggs': 1.2, 'jam': 2.92, 'spam': 2.62}
>>> newdict = sorted_keys(dict_, reverse=True)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'spam': 2.62, 'jam': 2.92, 'eggs': 1.2}
>>> newdict = sorted_keys(dict_, key=lambda x: sum(map(ord, x)))
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'jam': 2.92, 'eggs': 1.2, 'spam': 2.62}

ubelt.sorted_vals(dict_, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Return an ordered dictionary sorted by its values

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to sort. The values must be of comparable types.
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None) – If given as a callable, customizes the sorting by ordering using transformed values.
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

new dictionary where the values are ordered

Return type

OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.20, 'jam': 2.92}
>>> newdict = sorted_vals(dict_)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'eggs': 1.2, 'spam': 2.62, 'jam': 2.92}
>>> newdict = sorted_vals(dict_, reverse=True)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'jam': 2.92, 'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.2}
>>> newdict = sorted_vals(dict_, key=lambda x: x % 1.6)
>>> print(ub.repr2(newdict, nl=0))
{'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.2, 'jam': 2.92}

ubelt.split_archive(fpath, ext='.zip')[source]¶

If fpath specifies a file inside a zipfile, it breaks it into two parts the path to the zipfile and the internal path in the zipfile.

Example

>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.txt')
>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.zip/bar.txt')
>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip/bar.py')
>>> split_archive('archive.zip')
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> split_archive(ub.Path('/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip/bar.py'))
>>> split_archive('/a/b/foo.zip/baz.pt/bar.zip/bar.zip', '.pt')

Todo

Fix got/want for win32

(None, None) (‘/a/b/foo.zip’, ‘bar.txt’) (‘/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip’, ‘bar.py’) (‘archive.zip’, None) (‘/a/b/foo.zip/baz/biz.zip’, ‘bar.py’) (‘/a/b/foo.zip/baz.pt’, ‘bar.zip/bar.zip’)

ubelt.split_modpath(modpath, check=True)[source]¶

Splits the modpath into the dir that must be in PYTHONPATH for the module to be imported and the modulepath relative to this directory.

Parameters

modpath (str) – module filepath
check (bool) – if False, does not raise an error if modpath is a directory and does not contain an __init__.py file.

Returns

(directory, rel_modpath)

Return type

Tuple[str, str]

Raises

ValueError – if modpath does not exist or is not a package

Example

>>> from xdoctest import static_analysis
>>> modpath = static_analysis.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')
>>> modpath = abspath(modpath)
>>> dpath, rel_modpath = split_modpath(modpath)
>>> recon = join(dpath, rel_modpath)
>>> assert recon == modpath
>>> assert rel_modpath == join('xdoctest', 'static_analysis.py')

ubelt.symlink(real_path, link_path, overwrite=False, verbose=0)[source]¶

Create a link link_path that mirrors real_path.

This function attempts to create a real symlink, but will fall back on a hard link or junction if symlinks are not supported.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – path to real file or directory
link_path (str | PathLike) – path to desired location for symlink
overwrite (bool, default=False) – overwrite existing symlinks. This will not overwrite real files on systems with proper symlinks. However, on older versions of windows junctions are indistinguishable from real files, so we cannot make this guarantee.
verbose (int, default=0) – verbosity level

Returns

link path

Return type

str | PathLike

Note

On systems that do not contain support for symlinks (e.g. some versions / configurations of Windows), this function will fall back on hard links or junctions [WikiNTFSLinks], [WikiHardLink]. The differences between the two are explained in [WikiSymLink].

If symlinks are not available, then link_path and real_path must exist on the same filesystem. Given that, this function always works in the sense that (1) link_path will mirror the data from real_path, (2) updates to one will effect the other, and (3) no extra space will be used.

More details can be found in ubelt._win32_links. On systems that support symlinks (e.g. Linux), none of the above applies.

References

WikiSymLink: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link
WikiHardLink: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link
WikiNTFSLinks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS_links

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'test_symlink0')
>>> real_path = join(dpath, 'real_file.txt')
>>> link_path = join(dpath, 'link_file.txt')
>>> [ub.delete(p) for p in [real_path, link_path]]
>>> ub.writeto(real_path, 'foo')
>>> result = symlink(real_path, link_path)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(result) == 'foo'
>>> [ub.delete(p) for p in [real_path, link_path]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import dirname
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt', 'test_symlink1')
>>> ub.delete(dpath)
>>> ub.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> real_dpath = ub.ensuredir((dpath, 'real_dpath'))
>>> link_dpath = ub.augpath(real_dpath, base='link_dpath')
>>> real_path = join(dpath, 'afile.txt')
>>> link_path = join(dpath, 'afile.txt')
>>> [ub.delete(p) for p in [real_path, link_path]]
>>> ub.writeto(real_path, 'foo')
>>> result = symlink(real_dpath, link_dpath)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(link_path) == 'foo', 'read should be same'
>>> ub.writeto(link_path, 'bar')
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(link_path) == 'bar', 'very bad bar'
>>> assert ub.readfrom(real_path) == 'bar', 'changing link did not change real'
>>> ub.writeto(real_path, 'baz')
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert ub.readfrom(real_path) == 'baz', 'very bad baz'
>>> assert ub.readfrom(link_path) == 'baz', 'changing real did not change link'
>>> ub.delete(link_dpath, verbose=1)
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(link_dpath), 'link should not exist'
>>> assert exists(real_path), 'real path should exist'
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> ub.delete(dpath, verbose=1)
>>> _dirstats(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(real_path)

ubelt.take(items, indices, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Lookup a subset of an indexable object using a sequence of indices.

The items input is usually a list or dictionary. When items is a list, this should be a sequence of integers. When items is a dict, this is a list of keys to lookup in that dictionary.

For dictionaries, a default may be specified as a placeholder to use if a key from indices is not in items.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – An indexable object to select items from.
indices (Iterable[int | KT]) – A sequence of indexes into items.
default (Any, default=NoParam) – if specified items must support the get method.

Yields

VT – a selected item within the list

SeeAlso:: ubelt.dict_subset()

Note

ub.take(items, indices) is equivalent to (items[i] for i in indices) when default is unspecified.

Notes

This is based on the numpy.take() function, but written in pure python.

Do not confuse this with more_itertools.take(), the behavior is very different.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 1, 2, 3]
>>> indices = [2, 0]
>>> list(ub.take(items, indices))
[2, 0]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}
>>> keys = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> result = list(ub.take(dict_, keys, None))
>>> assert result == ['a', 'b', 'c', None, None]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}
>>> keys = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> try:
>>>     print(list(ub.take(dict_, keys)))
>>>     raise AssertionError('did not get key error')
>>> except KeyError:
>>>     print('correctly got key error')

ubelt.timeparse(stamp, allow_dateutil=True)[source]¶

Create a datetime.datetime object from a string timestamp.

Without any extra dependencies this will parse the output of ubelt.util_time.timestamp() into a datetime object. In the case where the format differs, dateutil.parser.parse will be used if the python-dateutil package is installed.

Parameters

stamp (str) – a string encoded timestamp
allow_dateutil (bool) – if False we only use the minimal parsing and do not allow a fallback to dateutil.

Returns

the parsed datetime

Return type

datetime.datetime

Raises

ValueError – if if parsing fails.

Todo

[ ] Allow defaulting to local or utm timezone (currently default is local)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Demonstrate a round trip of timestamp and timeparse
>>> stamp = ub.timestamp()
>>> datetime = ub.timeparse(stamp)
>>> assert ub.timestamp(datetime) == stamp
>>> # Round trip with precision
>>> stamp = ub.timestamp(precision=4)
>>> datetime = ub.timeparse(stamp)
>>> assert ub.timestamp(datetime, precision=4) == stamp

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # We should always be able to parse these
>>> good_stamps = [
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111.44444Z',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111.44444+5',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111.44444-05',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111.44444-0500',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111.44444+0530',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111Z',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111+5',
>>>     '2000-11-22T111111+0530',
>>> ]
>>> for stamp in good_stamps:
>>>     print(f'----')
>>>     print(f'stamp={stamp}')
>>>     result = ub.timeparse(stamp, allow_dateutil=0)
>>>     print(f'result={result!r}')
>>>     recon = ub.timestamp(result)
>>>     print(f'recon={recon}')

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # We require dateutil to handle these types of stamps
>>> import pytest
>>> conditional_stamps = [
>>>         '2000-01-02T11:23:58.12345+5:30',
>>>         '09/25/2003',
>>>         'Thu Sep 25 10:36:28 2003',
>>> ]
>>> for stamp in conditional_stamps:
>>>     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
>>>         result = ub.timeparse(stamp, allow_dateutil=False)
>>> have_dateutil = bool(ub.modname_to_modpath('dateutil'))
>>> if have_dateutil:
>>>     for stamp in conditional_stamps:
>>>         result = ub.timeparse(stamp)

ubelt.timestamp(datetime=None, precision=0, method='iso8601')[source]¶

Make a concise iso8601 timestamp suitable for use in filenames.

Parameters

datetime (datetime.datetime | None) – A datetime to format into a timestamp. If unspecified, the current local time is used.
method (str) – Type of timestamp. Currently the only option is iso8601. This argument may be removed in the future.
precision (int) – if non-zero, adds up to 6 digits of sub-second precision.

Returns

stamp

Return type

Note

For more info see [WikiISO8601], [PyStrptime], [PyTime].

References

WikiISO8601: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
PyStrptime: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
PyTime: https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html

Todo

[ ] Allow defaulting to local or utm timezone (currently default is local)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> stamp = ub.timestamp()
>>> print('stamp = {!r}'.format(stamp))
stamp = ...-...-...T...

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import datetime as datetime_mod
>>> from datetime import datetime as datetime_cls
>>> # Create a datetime object with timezone information
>>> ast_tzinfo = datetime_mod.timezone(datetime_mod.timedelta(hours=-4), 'AST')
>>> datetime = datetime_cls.utcfromtimestamp(123456789.123456789).replace(tzinfo=ast_tzinfo)
>>> stamp = ub.timestamp(datetime, precision=2)
>>> print('stamp = {!r}'.format(stamp))
stamp = '1973-11-29T213309.12-4'

>>> # Demo with a fractional hour timezone
>>> act_tzinfo = datetime_mod.timezone(datetime_mod.timedelta(hours=+9.5), 'ACT')
>>> datetime = datetime_cls.utcfromtimestamp(123456789.123456789).replace(tzinfo=act_tzinfo)
>>> stamp = ub.timestamp(datetime, precision=2)
>>> print('stamp = {!r}'.format(stamp))
stamp = '1973-11-29T213309.12+0930'

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:dateutil)
>>> # Make sure we are compatible with dateutil
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from dateutil.tz import tzlocal
>>> import datetime as datetime_mod
>>> from datetime import datetime as datetime_cls
>>> tzinfo_list = [
>>>     datetime_mod.timezone(datetime_mod.timedelta(hours=+9.5), 'ACT'),
>>>     datetime_mod.timezone(datetime_mod.timedelta(hours=-4), 'AST'),
>>>     datetime_mod.timezone(datetime_mod.timedelta(hours=0), 'UTC'),
>>>     datetime_mod.timezone.utc,
>>>     None,
>>>     tzlocal()
>>> ]
>>> # Note: there is a win32 bug here
>>> # https://bugs.python.org/issue37 that means we cant use
>>> # dates close to the epoch
>>> datetime_list = [
>>>     datetime_cls.utcfromtimestamp(123456789.123456789 + 315360000),
>>>     datetime_cls.utcfromtimestamp(0 + 315360000),
>>> ]
>>> basis = {
>>>     'precision': [0, 3, 9],
>>>     'tzinfo': tzinfo_list,
>>>     'datetime': datetime_list,
>>> }
>>> for params in ub.named_product(basis):
>>>     dtime = params['datetime'].replace(tzinfo=params['tzinfo'])
>>>     precision = params.get('precision', 0)
>>>     stamp = ub.timestamp(datetime=dtime, precision=precision)
>>>     recon = ub.timeparse(stamp)
>>>     alt = recon.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H%M%S.%f%z')
>>>     print('---')
>>>     print('params = {}'.format(ub.repr2(params, nl=1)))
>>>     print(f'dtime={dtime}')
>>>     print(f'stamp={stamp}')
>>>     print(f'recon={recon}')
>>>     print(f'alt  ={alt}')
>>>     shift = 10 ** precision
>>>     a = int(dtime.timestamp() * shift)
>>>     b = int(recon.timestamp() * shift)
>>>     assert a == b, f'{a} != {b}'

ubelt.touch(fpath, mode=438, dir_fd=None, verbose=0, **kwargs)[source]¶

change file timestamps

Works like the touch unix utility

Parameters

fpath (str | PathLike) – name of the file
mode (int) – file permissions (python3 and unix only)
dir_fd (io.IOBase) – optional directory file descriptor. If specified, fpath is interpreted as relative to this descriptor (python 3 only).
verbose (int) – verbosity
**kwargs – extra args passed to os.utime() (python 3 only).

Returns

path to the file

Return type

References

SO_1158076: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1158076/implement-touch-using-python

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> fpath = join(dpath, 'touch_file')
>>> assert not exists(fpath)
>>> ub.touch(fpath)
>>> assert exists(fpath)
>>> os.unlink(fpath)

ubelt.unique(items, key=None)[source]¶

Generates unique items in the order they appear.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – list of items
key (Callable[[T], Any], default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Yields

T – a unique item from the input sequence

Notes

Functionally equivalent to more_itertools.unique_everseen().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [4, 6, 6, 0, 6, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1]
>>> unique_items = list(ub.unique(items))
>>> assert unique_items == [4, 6, 0, 1, 2]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = ['A', 'a', 'b', 'B', 'C', 'c', 'D', 'e', 'D', 'E']
>>> unique_items = list(ub.unique(items, key=str.lower))
>>> assert unique_items == ['A', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'e']
>>> unique_items = list(ub.unique(items))
>>> assert unique_items == ['A', 'a', 'b', 'B', 'C', 'c', 'D', 'e', 'E']

ubelt.unique_flags(items, key=None)[source]¶

Returns a list of booleans corresponding to the first instance of each unique item.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT]) – indexable collection of items
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None, default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Returns

flags the items that are unique

Return type

List[bool]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 9, 2]
>>> flags = ub.unique_flags(items)
>>> assert flags == [True, True, True, False, False, True, False]
>>> flags = ub.unique_flags(items, key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
>>> assert flags == [True, False, True, False, False, False, False]

ubelt.userhome(username=None)[source]¶

Returns the path to some user’s home directory.

Parameters

username (str | None) – name of a user on the system. If not specified, the current user is inferred.

Returns

userhome_dpath - path to the specified home directory

Return type