ubelt package ¶

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> base = ub.Path('base')
>>> assert base.endswith('se')
>>> assert not base.endswith('be')
>>> # test start / stop cases
>>> assert ub.Path('aabbccdd').endswith('cdd', 5)
>>> assert not ub.Path('aabbccdd').endswith('cdd', 6)
>>> assert ub.Path('aabbccdd').endswith('cdd', 5, 10)
>>> assert not ub.Path('aabbccdd').endswith('cdd', 5, 7)
>>> # test tuple case
>>> assert ub.Path('aabbccdd').endswith(('foo', 'cdd'))
>>> assert ub.Path('foo').endswith(('foo', 'cdd'))
>>> assert not ub.Path('bar').endswith(('foo', 'cdd'))

startswith(prefix, *args)[source]¶

Test if the fspath representation startswith a particular string

Allows ubelt.Path to be a better drop-in replacement when working with string-based paths.

Parameters

prefix (str | Tuple[str, …]) – One or more prefixes to test for
*args – start (int): if specified begin testing at this position. end (int): if specified stop testing at this position.

Returns

True if any of the prefixes are matched.

Return type

http://datagenetics.com/blog/february12017/index.html

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> base = ub.Path('base')
>>> assert base.startswith('base')
>>> assert not base.startswith('all your')
>>> # test start / stop cases
>>> assert ub.Path('aabbccdd').startswith('aab', 0)
>>> assert ub.Path('aabbccdd').startswith('aab', 0, 5)
>>> assert not ub.Path('aabbccdd').startswith('aab', 1, 5)
>>> assert not ub.Path('aabbccdd').startswith('aab', 0, 2)
>>> # test tuple case
>>> assert ub.Path('aabbccdd').startswith(('foo', 'aab'))
>>> assert ub.Path('foo').startswith(('foo', 'aab'))
>>> assert not ub.Path('bar').startswith(('foo', 'aab'))

copy(dst, follow_file_symlinks=False, follow_dir_symlinks=False, meta='stats', overwrite=False)[source]¶

Copy this file or directory to dst.

By default files are never overwritten and symlinks are copied as-is.

At a basic level (i.e. ignoring symlinks) for each path argument (src and dst) these can either be files, directories, or not exist. Given these three states, the following table summarizes how this function copies this path to its destination.

TextArt

+----------+------------------------+------------------------+------------+
| dst      | dir                    | file                   | no-exist   |
+----------+                        |                        |            |
| src      |                        |                        |            |
+==========+========================+========================+============+
| dir      | error-or-overwrite-dst | error                  | dst        |
+----------+------------------------+------------------------+------------+
| file     | dst / src.name         | error-or-overwrite-dst | dst        |
+----------+------------------------+------------------------+------------+
| no-exist | error                  | error                  | error      |
+----------+------------------------+------------------------+------------+

In general, the contents of src will be the contents of dst, except for the one case where a file is copied into an existing directory. In this case the name is used to construct a fully qualified destination.

Parameters

dst (str | PathLike) – if src is a file and dst does not exist, copies this to dst if src is a file and dst is a directory, copies this to dst / src.name

if src is a directory and dst does not exist, copies this to dst if src is a directory and dst is a directory, errors unless overwrite is True, in which case, copies this to dst and overwrites anything conflicting path.
follow_file_symlinks (bool) – If True and src is a link, the link will be resolved before it is copied (i.e. the data is duplicated), otherwise just the link itself will be copied.
follow_dir_symlinks (bool) – if True when src is a directory and contains symlinks to other directories, the contents of the linked data are copied, otherwise when False only the link itself is copied.
meta (str | None) – Indicates what metadata bits to copy. This can be ‘stats’ which tries to copy all metadata (i.e. like shutil.copy2()), ‘mode’ which copies just the permission bits (i.e. like shutil.copy()), or None, which ignores all metadata (i.e. like shutil.copyfile()).
overwrite (bool) – if False, and target file exists, this will raise an error, otherwise the file will be overwritten.

Returns

where the path was actually copied to

Return type

Path

Note

This is implemented with a combination of shutil.copy(), shutil.copy2(), and shutil.copytree(), but the The defaults and behavior here are noticably different (and hopefully safer and more intuitive).

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> root = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', 'tests', 'path', 'copy').delete().ensuredir()
>>> paths = {}
>>> dpath = (root / 'orig').ensuredir()
>>> clone0 = (root / 'dst_is_explicit').ensuredir()
>>> clone1 = (root / 'dst_is_parent').ensuredir()
>>> paths['fpath'] = (dpath / 'file0.txt').touch()
>>> paths['empty_dpath'] = (dpath / 'empty_dpath').ensuredir()
>>> paths['nested_dpath'] = (dpath / 'nested_dpath').ensuredir()
>>> (dpath / 'nested_dpath/d0').ensuredir()
>>> (dpath / 'nested_dpath/d0/f1.txt').touch()
>>> (dpath / 'nested_dpath/d0/f2.txt').touch()
>>> print('paths = {}'.format(ub.repr2(paths, nl=1)))
>>> assert all(p.exists() for p in paths.values())
>>> paths['fpath'].copy(clone0 / 'file0.txt')
>>> paths['fpath'].copy(clone1)
>>> paths['empty_dpath'].copy(clone0 / 'empty_dpath')
>>> paths['empty_dpath'].copy((clone1 / 'empty_dpath_alt').ensuredir(), overwrite=True)
>>> paths['nested_dpath'].copy(clone0 / 'nested_dpath')
>>> paths['nested_dpath'].copy((clone1 / 'nested_dpath_alt').ensuredir(), overwrite=True)

move(dst, follow_file_symlinks=False, follow_dir_symlinks=False, meta='stats')[source]¶

Move a file from one location to another, or recursively move a directory from one location to another.

This method will refuse to overwrite anything, and there is currently no overwrite option for technical reasons. This may change in the future.

Parameters

dst (str | PathLike) – A non-existing path where this file will be moved.
follow_file_symlinks (bool) – If True and src is a link, the link will be resolved before it is copied (i.e. the data is duplicated), otherwise just the link itself will be copied.
follow_dir_symlinks (bool) – if True when src is a directory and contains symlinks to other directories, the contents of the linked data are copied, otherwise when False only the link itself is copied.
meta (str | None) – Indicates what metadata bits to copy. This can be ‘stats’ which tries to copy all metadata (i.e. like shutil.copy2), ‘mode’ which copies just the permission bits (i.e. like shutil.copy), or None, which ignores all metadata (i.e. like shutil.copyfile).

Note

This method will refuse to overwrite anything.

This is implemented via shutil.move(), which depends heavily on os.rename() semantics. For this reason, this function error if it would overwrite any data. If you want an overwriting variant of move we recommend you either either copy the data, and then delete the original (potentially inefficient), or use shutil.move() directly if you know how os.rename() works on your system.

Returns: where the path was actually moved to
Return type: Path

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', 'tests', 'path', 'move').delete().ensuredir()
>>> paths = {}
>>> paths['dpath0'] = (dpath / 'dpath0').ensuredir()
>>> paths['dpath00'] = (dpath / 'dpath0' / 'sub0').ensuredir()
>>> paths['fpath000'] = (dpath / 'dpath0' / 'sub0' / 'f0.txt').touch()
>>> paths['fpath001'] = (dpath / 'dpath0' / 'sub0' / 'f1.txt').touch()
>>> paths['dpath01'] = (dpath / 'dpath0' / 'sub1').ensuredir()
>>> print('paths = {}'.format(ub.repr2(paths, nl=1)))
>>> assert all(p.exists() for p in paths.values())
>>> # xdev.tree_repr(dpath, max_files=10)
>>> paths['dpath0'].move(dpath / 'dpath1')
>>> # xdev.tree_repr(dpath, max_files=10)

class ubelt.ProgIter(iterable=None, desc=None, total=None, freq=1, initial=0, eta_window=64, clearline=True, adjust=True, time_thresh=2.0, show_percent=True, show_times=True, show_rate=True, show_eta=True, show_total=True, show_wall=False, enabled=True, verbose=None, stream=None, chunksize=None, rel_adjust_limit=4.0, homogeneous='auto', timer=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Bases: _TQDMCompat, _BackwardsCompat

Prints progress as an iterator progresses

ProgIter is an alternative to tqdm. ProgIter implements much of the tqdm-API. The main difference between ProgIter and tqdm is that ProgIter does not use threading whereas tqdm does.

Variables

iterable (List | Iterable) – A list or iterable to loop over
desc (str) – description label to show with progress
total (int) – Maximum length of the process. If not specified, we estimate it from the iterable, if possible.
freq (int) – How many iterations to wait between messages. Defaults to 1.
eta_window (int) – number of previous measurements to use in eta calculation, default=64
clearline (bool) – if True messages are printed on the same line otherwise each new progress message is printed on new line. default=True
adjust (bool) – if True freq is adjusted based on time_thresh. This may be overwritten depending on the setting of verbose. default=True
time_thresh (float) – desired amount of time to wait between messages if adjust is True otherwise does nothing, default=2.0
show_percent (bool) – if True show percent progress. Default=True
show_times (bool) – if False do not show rate, eta, or wall time. default=True Deprecated. Use show_rate / show_eta / show_wall instead.
show_rate (bool) – show / hide rate, default=True
show_eta (bool) – show / hide estimated time of arival (i.e. time to completion), default=True
show_wall (bool) – show / hide wall time, default=False
initial (int) – starting index offset, default=0
stream (IO) – stream where progress information is written to, default=sys.stdout
timer (callable) – the timer object to use. Defaults to time.perf_counter().
enabled (bool) – if False nothing happens. default=True
chunksize (int | None) – indicates that each iteration processes a batch of this size. Iteration rate is displayed in terms of single-items.
rel_adjust_limit (float) – Maximum factor update frequency can be adjusted by in a single step. default=4.0
verbose (int) – verbosity mode, which controls clearline, adjust, and enabled. The following maps the value of verbose to its effect. 0: enabled=False, 1: enabled=True with clearline=True and adjust=True, 2: enabled=True with clearline=False and adjust=True, 3: enabled=True with clearline=False and adjust=False
homogeneous (bool | str) – Indicate if the iterable is likely to take a uniform or homogeneous amount of time per iteration. When True we can enable a speed optimization. When False, the time estimates are more accurate. Default to “auto”, which attempts to determine if it is safe to use True. Has no effect if adjust is False.

Note

Either use ProgIter in a with statement or call prog.end() at the end of the computation if there is a possibility that the entire iterable may not be exhausted.

Note

ProgIter is an alternative to tqdm. The main difference between ProgIter and tqdm is that ProgIter does not use threading whereas tqdm does. ProgIter is simpler than tqdm and thus more stable in certain circumstances.

SeeAlso:: tqdm - https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tqdm

References

Example

>>> 
>>> def is_prime(n):
...     return n >= 2 and not any(n % i == 0 for i in range(2, n))
>>> for n in ProgIter(range(100), verbose=1, show_wall=True):
>>>     # do some work
>>>     is_prime(n)
100/100... rate=... Hz, total=..., wall=...

set_extra(extra)[source]¶

specify a custom info appended to the end of the next message

Parameters: extra (str | Callable) – a constant or dynamically constructed extra message.

Todo

[ ] extra is a bad name; come up with something better and rename

Example

>>> prog = ProgIter(range(100, 300, 100), show_times=False, verbose=3)
>>> for n in prog:
>>>     prog.set_extra('processesing num {}'.format(n))
 0.00% 0/2...
 50.00% 1/2...processesing num 100
 100.00% 2/2...processesing num 200

begin()[source]¶

Initializes information used to measure progress

This only needs to be used if this ProgIter is not wrapping an iterable. Does nothing if this ProgIter is disabled.

Returns: a chainable self-reference
Return type: ProgIter

end()[source]¶

Signals that iteration has ended and displays the final message.

This only needs to be used if this ProgIter is not wrapping an iterable. Does nothing if this ProgIter object is disabled or has already finished.

step(inc=1, force=False)[source]¶

Manually step progress update, either directly or by an increment.

Parameters

inc (int, default=1) – number of steps to increment
force (bool, default=False) – if True forces progress display

Example

>>> n = 3
>>> prog = ProgIter(desc='manual', total=n, verbose=3)
>>> # Need to manually begin and end in this mode
>>> prog.begin()
>>> for _ in range(n):
...     prog.step()
>>> prog.end()

Example

>>> n = 3
>>> # can be used as a context manager in manual mode
>>> with ProgIter(desc='manual', total=n, verbose=3) as prog:
...     for _ in range(n):
...         prog.step()

format_message()[source]¶

Exists only for backwards compatibility.

See format_message_parts for more recent API.

format_message_parts()[source]¶

builds a formatted progres message with the current values. This contains the special characters needed to clear lines.

Example

>>> self = ProgIter(clearline=False, show_times=False)
>>> print(repr(self.format_message_parts()[1]))
'    0/?... '
>>> self.begin()
>>> self.step()
>>> print(repr(self.format_message_parts()[1]))
' 1/?... '

Example

>>> self = ProgIter(chunksize=10, total=100, clearline=False,
>>>                 show_times=False, microseconds=True)
>>> # hack, microseconds=True for coverage, needs real test
>>> print(repr(self.format_message_parts()[1]))
' 0.00% of 10x100... '
>>> self.begin()
>>> self.update()  # tqdm alternative to step
>>> print(repr(self.format_message_parts()[1]))
' 1.00% of 10x100... '

ensure_newline()[source]¶

use before any custom printing when using the progress iter to ensure your print statement starts on a new line instead of at the end of a progress line

Example

>>> # Unsafe version may write your message on the wrong line
>>> prog = ProgIter(range(3), show_times=False, freq=2, adjust=False,
...                 time_thresh=0)
>>> for n in prog:
...     print('unsafe message')
 0.00% 0/3... unsafe message
unsafe message
 66.67% 2/3... unsafe message
 100.00% 3/3...
>>> # apparently the safe version does this too.
>>> print('---')
---
>>> prog = ProgIter(range(3), show_times=False, freq=2, adjust=False,
...                 time_thresh=0)
>>> for n in prog:
...     prog.ensure_newline()
...     print('safe message')
 0.00% 0/3...
safe message
safe message
 66.67% 2/3...
safe message
 100.00% 3/3...

display_message()[source]¶: Writes current progress to the output stream

class ubelt.SetDict[source]¶

Bases: dict

A dictionary subclass where all set operations are defined.

All of the set operations are defined in a key-wise fashion, that is it is like performing the operation on sets of keys.

Note

The SetDict class only defines key-wise set operations. Value-wise or item-wise operations are in general not hashable and therefore not supported. A heavier extension would be needed for that.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> primes = ub.sdict({v: f'prime_{v}' for v in [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]})
>>> evens = ub.sdict({v: f'even_{v}' for v in [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]})
>>> odds = ub.sdict({v: f'odd_{v}' for v in [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]})
>>> squares = ub.sdict({v: f'square_{v}' for v in [0, 1, 4, 9]})
>>> div3 = ub.sdict({v: f'div3_{v}' for v in [0, 3, 6, 9]})
>>> # All of the set methods are defined
>>> results1 = {}
>>> results1['ints'] = ints = odds.union(evens)
>>> results1['composites'] = ints.difference(primes)
>>> results1['even_primes'] = evens.intersection(primes)
>>> results1['odd_nonprimes_and_two'] = odds.symmetric_difference(primes)
>>> print('results1 = {}'.format(ub.repr2(results1, nl=2, sort=True)))
results1 = {
    'composites': {
        0: 'even_0',
        1: 'odd_1',
        4: 'even_4',
        6: 'even_6',
        8: 'even_8',
        9: 'odd_9',
        10: 'even_10',
    },
    'even_primes': {
        2: 'even_2',
    },
    'ints': {
        0: 'even_0',
        1: 'odd_1',
        2: 'even_2',
        3: 'odd_3',
        4: 'even_4',
        5: 'odd_5',
        6: 'even_6',
        7: 'odd_7',
        8: 'even_8',
        9: 'odd_9',
        10: 'even_10',
        11: 'odd_11',
    },
    'odd_nonprimes_and_two': {
        1: 'odd_1',
        2: 'prime_2',
        9: 'odd_9',
    },
}
>>> # As well as their corresponding binary operators
>>> assert results1['ints'] == odds | evens
>>> assert results1['composites'] == ints - primes
>>> assert results1['even_primes'] == evens & primes
>>> assert results1['odd_nonprimes_and_two'] == odds ^ primes
>>> # These can also be used as classmethods
>>> assert results1['ints'] == ub.sdict.union(odds, evens)
>>> assert results1['composites'] == ub.sdict.difference(ints, primes)
>>> assert results1['even_primes'] == ub.sdict.intersection(evens, primes)
>>> assert results1['odd_nonprimes_and_two'] == ub.sdict.symmetric_difference(odds, primes)
>>> # The narry variants are also implemented
>>> results2 = {}
>>> results2['nary_union'] = ub.sdict.union(primes, div3, odds)
>>> results2['nary_difference'] = ub.sdict.difference(primes, div3, odds)
>>> results2['nary_intersection'] = ub.sdict.intersection(primes, div3, odds)
>>> # Note that the definition of symmetric difference might not be what you think in the nary case.
>>> results2['nary_symmetric_difference'] = ub.sdict.symmetric_difference(primes, div3, odds)
>>> print('results2 = {}'.format(ub.repr2(results2, nl=2, sort=True)))
results2 = {
    'nary_difference': {
        2: 'prime_2',
    },
    'nary_intersection': {
        3: 'prime_3',
    },
    'nary_symmetric_difference': {
        0: 'div3_0',
        1: 'odd_1',
        2: 'prime_2',
        3: 'odd_3',
        6: 'div3_6',
    },
    'nary_union': {
        0: 'div3_0',
        1: 'odd_1',
        2: 'prime_2',
        3: 'odd_3',
        5: 'odd_5',
        6: 'div3_6',
        7: 'odd_7',
        9: 'odd_9',
        11: 'odd_11',
    },
}

Example

>>> # A neat thing about our implementation is that often the right
>>> # hand side is not required to be a dictionary, just something
>>> # that can be cast to a set.
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> primes = ub.sdict({2: 'a', 3: 'b', 5: 'c', 7: 'd', 11: 'e'})
>>> assert primes - {2, 3} == {5: 'c', 7: 'd', 11: 'e'}
>>> assert primes & {2, 3} == {2: 'a', 3: 'b'}
>>> # Union does need to have a second dictionary
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
>>>     primes | {2, 3}

copy()[source]¶

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.sdict({1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3})
>>> b = ub.udict({1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3})
>>> c = a.copy()
>>> d = b.copy()
>>> assert c is not a
>>> assert d is not b
>>> assert d == b
>>> assert c == a
>>> list(map(type, [a, b, c, d]))
>>> assert isinstance(c, ub.sdict)
>>> assert isinstance(d, ub.udict)

union(*others, cls=None)[source]¶

Return the key-wise union of two or more dictionaries.

For items with intersecting keys, dictionaries towards the end of the sequence are given precedence.

Parameters

self (SetDict | dict) – if called as a static method this must be provided.
*others – other dictionary like objects that have an items method. (i.e. it must return an iterable of 2-tuples where the first item is hashable.)
cls (type | None) – the desired return dictionary type.

Returns

whatever the dictionary type of the first argument is

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.SetDict({k: 'A_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 3, 5, 7]})
>>> b = ub.SetDict({k: 'B_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 4, 0, 7]})
>>> c = ub.SetDict({k: 'C_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 8, 3]})
>>> d = ub.SetDict({k: 'D_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [9, 10, 11]})
>>> e = ub.SetDict({k: 'E_' + chr(97 + k) for k in []})
>>> assert a | b == {2: 'B_c', 3: 'A_d', 5: 'A_f', 7: 'B_h', 4: 'B_e', 0: 'B_a'}
>>> a.union(b)
>>> a | b | c
>>> res = ub.SetDict.union(a, b, c, d, e)
>>> print(ub.repr2(res, sort=1, nl=0, si=1))
{0: B_a, 2: C_c, 3: C_d, 4: B_e, 5: A_f, 7: B_h, 8: C_i, 9: D_j, 10: D_k, 11: D_l}

intersection(*others, cls=None)[source]¶

Return the key-wise intersection of two or more dictionaries.

All items returned will be from the first dictionary for keys that exist in all other dictionaries / sets provided.

Parameters

self (SetDict | dict) – if called as a static method this must be provided.
*others – other dictionary or set like objects that can be coerced into a set of keys.
cls (type | None) – the desired return dictionary type.

Returns

whatever the dictionary type of the first argument is

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.SetDict({k: 'A_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 3, 5, 7]})
>>> b = ub.SetDict({k: 'B_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 4, 0, 7]})
>>> c = ub.SetDict({k: 'C_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 8, 3]})
>>> d = ub.SetDict({k: 'D_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [9, 10, 11]})
>>> e = ub.SetDict({k: 'E_' + chr(97 + k) for k in []})
>>> assert a & b == {2: 'A_c', 7: 'A_h'}
>>> a.intersection(b)
>>> a & b & c
>>> res = ub.SetDict.intersection(a, b, c, d, e)
>>> print(ub.repr2(res, sort=1, nl=0, si=1))
{}

difference(*others, cls=None)[source]¶

Return the key-wise difference between this dictionary and one or more other dictionary / keys.

The returned items will be from the first dictionary, and will only contain keys that do not appear in any of the other dictionaries / sets.

Parameters

self (SetDict | dict) – if called as a static method this must be provided.
*others – other dictionary or set like objects that can be coerced into a set of keys.
cls (type | None) – the desired return dictionary type.

Returns

whatever the dictionary type of the first argument is

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.SetDict({k: 'A_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 3, 5, 7]})
>>> b = ub.SetDict({k: 'B_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 4, 0, 7]})
>>> c = ub.SetDict({k: 'C_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 8, 3]})
>>> d = ub.SetDict({k: 'D_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [9, 10, 11]})
>>> e = ub.SetDict({k: 'E_' + chr(97 + k) for k in []})
>>> assert a - b == {3: 'A_d', 5: 'A_f'}
>>> a.difference(b)
>>> a - b - c
>>> res = ub.SetDict.difference(a, b, c, d, e)
>>> print(ub.repr2(res, sort=1, nl=0, si=1))
{5: A_f}

symmetric_difference(*others, cls=None)[source]¶

Return the key-wise symmetric difference between this dictionary and one or more other dictionaries.

Returns items that are (key-wise) in an odd number of the given dictionaries. This is consistent with the standard n-ary definition of symmetric difference [WikiSymDiff] and corresponds with the xor operation.

Parameters

self (SetDict | dict) – if called as a static method this must be provided.
*others – other dictionary or set like objects that can be coerced into a set of keys.
cls (type | None) – the desired return dictionary type.

Returns

whatever the dictionary type of the first argument is

Return type

References

WikiSymDiff: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_difference

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.SetDict({k: 'A_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 3, 5, 7]})
>>> b = ub.SetDict({k: 'B_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 4, 0, 7]})
>>> c = ub.SetDict({k: 'C_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 8, 3]})
>>> d = ub.SetDict({k: 'D_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [9, 10, 11]})
>>> e = ub.SetDict({k: 'E_' + chr(97 + k) for k in []})
>>> a ^ b
{3: 'A_d', 5: 'A_f', 4: 'B_e', 0: 'B_a'}
>>> a.symmetric_difference(b)
>>> a - b - c
>>> res = ub.SetDict.symmetric_difference(a, b, c, d, e)
>>> print(ub.repr2(res, sort=1, nl=0, si=1))
{0: B_a, 2: C_c, 4: B_e, 5: A_f, 8: C_i, 9: D_j, 10: D_k, 11: D_l}

class ubelt.TeeStringIO(redirect=None)[source]¶

Bases: StringIO

An IO object that writes to itself and another IO stream.

Variables: redirect (io.IOBase) – The other stream to write to.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> redirect = io.StringIO()
>>> self = ub.TeeStringIO(redirect)

isatty()[source]¶: Returns true of the redirect is a terminal.

Note

Needed for IPython.embed to work properly when this class is used to override stdout / stderr.

fileno()[source]¶

Returns underlying file descriptor of the redirected IOBase object if one exists.

Example

>>> # Not sure the best way to test, this func is important for
>>> # capturing stdout when ipython embedding
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(io.UnsupportedOperation):
>>>     TeeStringIO(redirect=io.StringIO()).fileno()
>>> with pytest.raises(io.UnsupportedOperation):
>>>     TeeStringIO(None).fileno()

property encoding¶

Gets the encoding of the redirect IO object

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> redirect = io.StringIO()
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(redirect).encoding is None
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(None).encoding is None
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(sys.stdout).encoding is sys.stdout.encoding
>>> redirect = io.TextIOWrapper(io.StringIO())
>>> assert ub.TeeStringIO(redirect).encoding is redirect.encoding

write(msg)[source]¶: Write to this and the redirected stream

flush()[source]¶: Flush to this and the redirected stream

class ubelt.TempDir[source]¶

Bases: object

Context for creating and cleaning up temporary directories.

Note

This class will be DEPRECATED. The exact deprecation version and mitigation plan has not yet been developed.

Note

This exists because tempfile.TemporaryDirectory was introduced in Python 3.2. Thus once ubelt no longer supports python 2.7, this class will be deprecated.

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> with TempDir() as self:
>>>     dpath = self.dpath
>>>     assert exists(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(dpath)

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> self = TempDir()
>>> dpath = self.ensure()
>>> assert exists(dpath)
>>> self.cleanup()
>>> assert not exists(dpath)

ensure()[source]¶

cleanup()[source]¶

start()[source]¶

class ubelt.Timer(label='', verbose=None, newline=True, ns=False)[source]¶

Bases: object

Measures time elapsed between a start and end point. Can be used as a with-statement context manager, or using the tic/toc api.

Parameters

label (str, default=’’) – identifier for printing
verbose (int, default=None) – verbosity flag, defaults to True if label is given, otherwise 0.
newline (bool, default=True) – if False and verbose, print tic and toc on the same line.
ns (bool, default=False) – if True, a nano-second resolution timer to avoid precision loss caused by the float type.

Variables

elapsed (float) – number of seconds measured by the context manager
tstart (float) – time of last tic reported by self._time()

Example

>>> # Create and start the timer using the context manager
>>> import math
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> timer = ub.Timer('Timer test!', verbose=1)
>>> with timer:
>>>     math.factorial(10)
>>> assert timer.elapsed > 0
tic('Timer test!')
...toc('Timer test!')=...

Example

>>> # Create and start the timer using the tic/toc interface
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> timer = ub.Timer().tic()
>>> elapsed1 = timer.toc()
>>> elapsed2 = timer.toc()
>>> elapsed3 = timer.toc()
>>> assert elapsed1 <= elapsed2
>>> assert elapsed2 <= elapsed3

Example

>>> # In Python 3.7+ nanosecond resolution can be enabled
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import sys
>>> if sys.version_info[0:2] <= (3, 6):
>>>     import pytest
>>>     pytest.skip()
>>> # xdoctest +REQUIRES(Python>=3.7)  # fixme directive doesnt exist yet
>>> timer = ub.Timer(label='perf_counter_ns', ns=True).tic()
>>> elapsed1 = timer.toc()
>>> elapsed2 = timer.toc()
>>> assert elapsed1 <= elapsed2
>>> assert isinstance(elapsed1, int)

tic()[source]¶: starts the timer

toc()[source]¶: stops the timer

class ubelt.UDict[source]¶

Bases: SetDict

A subclass of dict with ubelt enhancements

This builds on top of SetDict which itself is a simple extension that contains only that extra functionality. The extra invert, map, sorted, and peek functions are less fundamental and there are at least reasonable workarounds when they are not available.

The UDict class is a simple subclass of dict that provides the following upgrades:

set operations - inherited from SetDict

intersection - find items in common

union - merge dicts

difference - find items in one but not the other

symmetric_difference - find items that appear an odd number of times

subdict - take a subset with optional default values. (similar to intersection, but the later ignores non-common values)

inversion -

invert - swaps a dictionary keys and values (with options for dealing with duplicates).

mapping -

map_keys - applies a function over each key and keeps the values the same

map_values - applies a function over each key and keeps the values the same

sorting -

sorted_keys - returns a dictionary ordered by the keys

sorted_values - returns a dictionary ordered by the values

IMO key-wise set operations on dictionaries are fundamentaly and sorely missing from the stdlib, mapping is super convinient, sorting and inversion are less common, but still useful to have.

Todo

[ ] UbeltDict, UltraDict, not sure what the name is. We may just rename this to Dict,

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.udict({1: 20, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 40})
>>> b = ub.udict({0: 0, 2: 20, 4: 42})
>>> c = ub.udict({3: -1, 5: -1})
>>> # Demo key-wise set operations
>>> assert a & b == {2: 20, 4: 40}
>>> assert a - b == {1: 20, 3: 30}
>>> assert a ^ b == {1: 20, 3: 30, 0: 0}
>>> assert a | b == {1: 20, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 42, 0: 0}
>>> # Demo new n-ary set methods
>>> a.union(b, c) == {1: 20, 2: 20, 3: -1, 4: 42, 0: 0, 5: -1}
>>> a.intersection(b, c) == {}
>>> a.difference(b, c) == {1: 20}
>>> a.symmetric_difference(b, c) == {1: 20, 0: 0, 5: -1}
>>> # Demo new quality of life methods
>>> assert a.subdict({2, 4, 6, 8}, default=None) == {8: None, 2: 20, 4: 40, 6: None}
>>> assert a.invert() == {20: 2, 30: 3, 40: 4}
>>> assert a.invert(unique_vals=0) == {20: {1, 2}, 30: {3}, 40: {4}}
>>> assert a.peek_key() == ub.peek(a.keys())
>>> assert a.peek_value() == ub.peek(a.values())
>>> assert a.map_keys(lambda x: x * 10) == {10: 20, 20: 20, 30: 30, 40: 40}
>>> assert a.map_values(lambda x: x * 10) == {1: 200, 2: 200, 3: 300, 4: 400}

subdict(keys, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Get a subset of a dictionary

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary or the implicit instance
keys (Iterable[KT]) – keys to take from self
default (Optional[object] | NoParamType) – if specified uses default if keys are missing.

Raises

KeyError – if a key does not exist and default is not specified

SeeAlso:: ubelt.util_dict.dict_subset() ubelt.UDict.take()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.udict({k: 'A_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 3, 5, 7]})
>>> s = a.subdict({2, 5})
>>> print('s = {}'.format(ub.repr2(s, nl=0, sort=1)))
s = {2: 'A_c', 5: 'A_f'}
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(KeyError):
>>>     s = a.subdict({2, 5, 100})
>>> s = a.subdict({2, 5, 100}, default='DEF')
>>> print('s = {}'.format(ub.repr2(s, nl=0, sort=1)))
s = {2: 'A_c', 5: 'A_f', 100: 'DEF'}

take(keys, default=NoParam)[source]¶

Get values of an iterable of keys.

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary or the implicit instance
keys (Iterable[KT]) – keys to take from self
default (Optional[object] | NoParamType) – if specified uses default if keys are missing.

Yields

VT – a selected value within the dictionary

Raises

KeyError – if a key does not exist and default is not specified

SeeAlso:: ubelt.util_list.take() ubelt.UDict.subdict()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> a = ub.udict({k: 'A_' + chr(97 + k) for k in [2, 3, 5, 7]})
>>> s = list(a.take({2, 5}))
>>> print('s = {}'.format(ub.repr2(s, nl=0, sort=1)))
s = ['A_c', 'A_f']
>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(KeyError):
>>>     s = a.subdict({2, 5, 100})
>>> s = list(a.take({2, 5, 100}, default='DEF'))
>>> print('s = {}'.format(ub.repr2(s, nl=0, sort=1)))
s = ['A_c', 'A_f', 'DEF']

invert(unique_vals=True)[source]¶

Swaps the keys and values in a dictionary.

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary or the implicit instance to invert
unique_vals (bool, default=True) – if False, the values of the new dictionary are sets of the original keys.
cls (type | None) – specifies the dict subclassof the result. if unspecified will be dict or OrderedDict. This behavior may change.

Returns

the inverted dictionary

Return type

Dict[VT, KT] | Dict[VT, Set[KT]]

Note

The must values be hashable.

If the original dictionary contains duplicate values, then only one of the corresponding keys will be returned and the others will be discarded. This can be prevented by setting unique_vals=False, causing the inverted keys to be returned in a set.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> inverted = ub.udict({'a': 1, 'b': 2}).invert()
>>> assert inverted == {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}

map_keys(func)[source]¶

Apply a function to every value in a dictionary.

Creates a new dictionary with the same keys and modified values.

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary or the implicit instance.
func (Callable[[VT], T] | Mapping[VT, T]) – a function or indexable object

Returns

transformed dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, T]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> new = ub.udict({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}).map_keys(ord)
>>> assert new == {97: [1, 2, 3], 98: []}

map_values(func)[source]¶

Apply a function to every value in a dictionary.

Creates a new dictionary with the same keys and modified values.

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary or the implicit instance.
func (Callable[[VT], T] | Mapping[VT, T]) – a function or indexable object

Returns

transformed dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, T]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> newdict = ub.udict({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': []}).map_values(len)
>>> assert newdict ==  {'a': 3, 'b': 0}

sorted_keys(key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Return an ordered dictionary sorted by its keys

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to sort or the implicit instance. The keys must be of comparable types.
key (Callable[[KT], Any] | None) – If given as a callable, customizes the sorting by ordering using transformed keys.
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

new dictionary where the keys are ordered

Return type

OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> new = ub.udict({'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.20, 'jam': 2.92}).sorted_keys()
>>> assert new == ub.odict([('eggs', 1.2), ('jam', 2.92), ('spam', 2.62)])

sorted_values(key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Return an ordered dictionary sorted by its values

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to sort or the implicit instance. The values must be of comparable types.
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None) – If given as a callable, customizes the sorting by ordering using transformed values.
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

new dictionary where the values are ordered

Return type

OrderedDict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> new = ub.udict({'spam': 2.62, 'eggs': 1.20, 'jam': 2.92}).sorted_values()
>>> assert new == ub.odict([('eggs', 1.2), ('spam', 2.62), ('jam', 2.92)])

peek_key(default=NoParam)[source]¶

Get the first key in the dictionary

Parameters

self (Dict) – a dictionary or the implicit instance
default (KT | NoParamType) – default item to return if the iterable is empty, otherwise a StopIteration error is raised

Returns

the first value or the default

Return type

KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.udict({1: 2}).peek_key() == 1

peek_value(default=NoParam)[source]¶

Get the first value in the dictionary

Parameters

self (Dict[KT, VT]) – a dictionary or the implicit instance
default (VT | NoParamType) – default item to return if the iterable is empty, otherwise a StopIteration error is raised

Returns

the first value or the default

Return type

VT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.udict({1: 2}).peek_value() == 2

ubelt.allsame(iterable, eq=<built-in function eq>)[source]¶

Determine if all items in a sequence are the same

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – items to determine if they are all the same
eq (Callable[[T, T], bool], default=operator.eq) – function used to test for equality

Returns

True if all items are equal, otherwise False

Return type

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.all_equal()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.allsame([1, 1, 1, 1])
True
>>> ub.allsame([])
True
>>> ub.allsame([0, 1])
False
>>> iterable = iter([0, 1, 1, 1])
>>> next(iterable)
>>> ub.allsame(iterable)
True
>>> ub.allsame(range(10))
False
>>> ub.allsame(range(10), lambda a, b: True)
True

ubelt.argflag(key, argv=None)[source]¶

Determines if a key is specified on the command line.

This is a functional alternative to key in sys.argv, but it also allows for multiple aliases of the same flag to be specified.

Parameters

key (str | Tuple[str, …]) – string or tuple of strings. Each key should be prefixed with two hyphens (i.e. --).
argv (List[str] | None, default=None) – overrides sys.argv if specified

Returns

flag - True if the key (or any of the keys) was specified

Return type

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argflag:0
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argflag:0 --devflag
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argflag:0 -df
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argflag:0 --devflag2
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argflag:0 -df2

Example

>>> # Everyday usage of this function might look like this
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Check if either of these strings are in sys.argv
>>> flag = ub.argflag(('-df', '--devflag'))
>>> if flag:
>>>     print(ub.color_text(
>>>         'A hidden developer flag was given!', 'blue'))
>>> print('Pass the hidden CLI flag to see a secret message')

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--spam', '--eggs', 'foo']
>>> assert ub.argflag('--eggs', argv=argv) is True
>>> assert ub.argflag('--ans', argv=argv) is False
>>> assert ub.argflag('foo', argv=argv) is True
>>> assert ub.argflag(('bar', '--spam'), argv=argv) is True

ubelt.argmax(indexable, key=None)[source]¶

Returns index / key of the item with the largest value.

This is similar to numpy.argmax(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None, default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable

Returns

the index of the item with the maximum value.

Return type

int | KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.argmax({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}) == 'c'
>>> assert ub.argmax(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f']) == 3
>>> assert ub.argmax([[0, 1], [2, 3, 4], [5]], key=len) == 1
>>> assert ub.argmax({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 3: 100, 4: 4}) == 3
>>> assert ub.argmax(iter(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f'])) == 3

ubelt.argmin(indexable, key=None)[source]¶

Returns index / key of the item with the smallest value.

This is similar to numpy.argmin(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], VT] | None, default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable

Returns

the index of the item with the minimum value.

Return type

int | KT

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.argmin({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}) == 'b'
>>> assert ub.argmin(['a', 'c', 'b', 'z', 'f']) == 0
>>> assert ub.argmin([[0, 1], [2, 3, 4], [5]], key=len) == 2
>>> assert ub.argmin({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 3: 100, 4: 4}) == 'b'
>>> assert ub.argmin(iter(['a', 'c', 'A', 'z', 'f'])) == 2

ubelt.argsort(indexable, key=None, reverse=False)[source]¶

Returns the indices that would sort a indexable object.

This is similar to numpy.argsort(), but it is written in pure python and works on both lists and dictionaries.

Parameters

indexable (Iterable[VT] | Mapping[KT, VT]) – indexable to sort by
key (Callable[[VT], VT] | None, default=None) – customizes the ordering of the indexable
reverse (bool, default=False) – if True returns in descending order

Returns

indices - list of indices that sorts the indexable

Return type

List[int] | List[KT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # argsort works on dicts by returning keys
>>> dict_ = {'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 100}
>>> indices = ub.argsort(dict_)
>>> assert list(ub.take(dict_, indices)) == sorted(dict_.values())
>>> # argsort works on lists by returning indices
>>> indexable = [100, 2, 432, 10]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable)
>>> assert list(ub.take(indexable, indices)) == sorted(indexable)
>>> # Can use iterators, but be careful. It exhausts them.
>>> indexable = reversed(range(100))
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable)
>>> assert indices[0] == 99
>>> # Can use key just like sorted
>>> indexable = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable, key=len)
>>> assert indices == [2, 1, 0]
>>> # Can use reverse just like sorted
>>> indexable = [0, 2, 1]
>>> indices = ub.argsort(indexable, reverse=True)
>>> assert indices == [1, 2, 0]

ubelt.argunique(items, key=None)[source]¶

Returns indices corresponding to the first instance of each unique item.

Parameters

items (Sequence[VT]) – indexable collection of items
key (Callable[[VT], Any] | None, default=None) – custom normalization function. If specified returns items where key(item) is unique.

Returns

indices of the unique items

Return type

Iterator[int]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 2, 5, 1, 1, 0, 2, 4]
>>> indices = list(ub.argunique(items))
>>> assert indices == [0, 1, 2, 3, 7]
>>> indices = list(ub.argunique(items, key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0))
>>> assert indices == [0, 2]

ubelt.argval(key, default=NoParam, argv=None)[source]¶

Get the value of a keyword argument specified on the command line.

Values can be specified as <key> <value> or <key>=<value>

The use-case for this function is to add hidden command line feature where a developer can pass in a special value. This can be used to prototype a command line interface, provide an easter egg, or add some other command line parsing that wont be exposed in CLI help docs.

Parameters

key (str | Tuple[str, …]) – string or tuple of strings. Each key should be prefixed with two hyphens (i.e. --)
default (T | NoParamType, default=NoParam) – a value to return if not specified.
argv (List[str] | None, default=None) – uses sys.argv if unspecified

Returns

value - the value specified after the key. It they key is specified multiple times, then the first value is returned.

Return type

str | T

Todo

[x] Can we handle the case where the value is a list of long paths? - No
[ ] Should we default the first or last specified instance of the flag.

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argval:0
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argval:0 --devval
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argval:0 --devval=1
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argval:0 --devval=2
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argval:0 --devval 3
xdoctest -m ubelt.util_arg argval:0 --devval "4 5 6"

Example

>>> # Everyday usage of this function might look like this where
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # grab a key/value pair if is given on the command line
>>> value = ub.argval('--devval', default='1')
>>> print('Checking if the hidden CLI key/value pair is given')
>>> if value != '1':
>>>     print(ub.color_text(
>>>         'A hidden developer secret: {!r}'.format(value), 'yellow'))
>>> print('Pass the hidden CLI key/value pair to see a secret message')

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--ans', '42', '--quest=the grail', '--ans=6', '--bad']
>>> assert ub.argval('--spam', argv=argv) == ub.NoParam
>>> assert ub.argval('--quest', argv=argv) == 'the grail'
>>> assert ub.argval('--ans', argv=argv) == '42'
>>> assert ub.argval('--bad', argv=argv) == ub.NoParam
>>> assert ub.argval(('--bad', '--bar'), argv=argv) == ub.NoParam

Example

>>> # Test fix for GH Issue #41
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> argv = ['--path=/path/with/k=3']
>>> ub.argval('--path', argv=argv) == '/path/with/k=3'

ubelt.augpath(path, suffix='', prefix='', ext=None, tail='', base=None, dpath=None, relative=None, multidot=False)[source]¶

Create a new path with a different extension, basename, directory, prefix, and/or suffix.

A prefix is inserted before the basename. A suffix is inserted between the basename and the extension. The basename and extension can be replaced with a new one. Essentially a path is broken down into components (dpath, base, ext), and then recombined as (dpath, prefix, base, suffix, ext) after replacing any specified component.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – a path to augment
suffix (str) – placed between the basename and extension Note: this is referred to as stemsuffix in ub.Path.augment().
prefix (str) – placed in front of the basename
ext (str | None) – if specified, replaces the extension
tail (str | None) – If specified, appends this text to the extension
base (str | None) – if specified, replaces the basename without extension. Note: this is referred to as stem in ub.Path.augment().
dpath (str | PathLike | None) – if specified, replaces the specified “relative” directory, which by default is the parent directory.
relative (str | PathLike | None) – Replaces relative with dpath in path. Has no effect if dpath is not specified. Defaults to the dirname of the input path. experimental not currently implemented.
multidot (bool) – Allows extensions to contain multiple dots. Specifically, if False, everything after the last dot in the basename is the extension. If True, everything after the first dot in the basename is the extension.

Returns

augmented path

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> path = 'foo.bar'
>>> suffix = '_suff'
>>> prefix = 'pref_'
>>> ext = '.baz'
>>> newpath = ub.augpath(path, suffix, prefix, ext=ext, base='bar')
>>> print('newpath = %s' % (newpath,))
newpath = pref_bar_suff.baz

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> augpath('foo.bar')
'foo.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', ext='.BAZ')
'foo.BAZ'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', suffix='_')
'foo_.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', prefix='_')
'_foo.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.bar', base='baz')
'baz.bar'
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', ext='.zip', multidot=True)
foo.zip
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', ext='.zip', multidot=False)
foo.tar.zip
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', suffix='_new', multidot=True)
foo_new.tar.gz
>>> augpath('foo.tar.gz', suffix='_new', tail='.cache', multidot=True)
foo_new.tar.gz.cache

ubelt.boolmask(indices, maxval=None)[source]¶

Constructs a list of booleans where an item is True if its position is in indices otherwise it is False.

Parameters

indices (List[int]) – list of integer indices
maxval (int | None) – length of the returned list. If not specified this is inferred using max(indices)

Returns

mask - a list of booleans. mask[idx] is True if idx in indices

Return type

List[bool]

Note

In the future the arg maxval may change its name to shape

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> indices = [0, 1, 4]
>>> mask = ub.boolmask(indices, maxval=6)
>>> assert mask == [True, True, False, False, True, False]
>>> mask = ub.boolmask(indices)
>>> assert mask == [True, True, False, False, True]

class ubelt.chunks(items, chunksize=None, nchunks=None, total=None, bordermode='none', legacy=False)[source]¶

Bases: object

Generates successive n-sized chunks from items.

If the last chunk has less than n elements, bordermode is used to determine fill values.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – input to iterate over
chunksize (int) – size of each sublist yielded
nchunks (int) – number of chunks to create ( cannot be specified if chunksize is specified)
bordermode (str) – determines how to handle the last case if the length of the input is not divisible by chunksize valid values are: {‘none’, ‘cycle’, ‘replicate’}
total (int) – hints about the length of the input

Note

FIXME:: When nchunks is given, that’s how many chunks we should get but the issue is that chunksize is not well defined in that instance For instance how do we turn a list with 4 elements into 3 chunks where does the extra item go?

In ubelt <= 0.10.3 there is a bug when specifying nchunks, where it chooses a chunksize that is too large. Specify legacy=True to get the old buggy behavior if needed.

Notes

This is similar to functionality provided by: more_itertools.chunked(), more_itertools.chunked_even(), more_itertools.sliced(), more_itertools.divide(),

Yields: List[T] – subsequent non-overlapping chunks of the input items

References

SO_434287: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/434287/iterate-over-a-list-in-chunks

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = '1234567'
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3)
>>> list(genresult)
[['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7']]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='none')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7]]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='cycle')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 1, 2]]
>>> genresult = ub.chunks(items, chunksize=3, bordermode='replicate')
>>> assert list(genresult) == [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 7, 7]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(2), nchunks=2))) == 2
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(3), nchunks=2))) == 2
>>> # Note: ub.chunks will not do the 2,1,1 split
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks(range(4), nchunks=3))) == 3
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, bordermode='none'))) == 0
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, bordermode='cycle'))) == 0
>>> assert len(list(ub.chunks([], 2, None, bordermode='replicate'))) == 0

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> def _check_len(self):
...     assert len(self) == len(list(self))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(3)), nchunks=2))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(2)), nchunks=2))
>>> _check_len(chunks(list(range(2)), nchunks=3))

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> import pytest
>>> assert pytest.raises(ValueError, chunks, range(9))
>>> assert pytest.raises(ValueError, chunks, range(9), chunksize=2, nchunks=2)
>>> assert pytest.raises(TypeError, len, chunks((_ for _ in range(2)), 2))

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_list import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> basis = {
>>>     'legacy': [False, True],
>>>     'chunker': [{'nchunks': 3}, {'nchunks': 4}, {'nchunks': 5}, {'nchunks': 7}, {'chunksize': 3}],
>>>     'items': [range(2), range(4), range(5), range(7), range(9)],
>>>     'bordermode': ['none', 'cycle', 'replicate'],
>>> }
>>> grid_items = list(ub.named_product(basis))
>>> rows = []
>>> for grid_item in ub.ProgIter(grid_items):
>>>     chunker = grid_item.get('chunker')
>>>     grid_item.update(chunker)
>>>     kw = ub.dict_diff(grid_item, {'chunker'})
>>>     self = chunk_iter = ub.chunks(**kw)
>>>     chunked = list(chunk_iter)
>>>     chunk_lens = list(map(len, chunked))
>>>     row = ub.dict_union(grid_item, {'chunk_lens': chunk_lens, 'chunks': chunked})
>>>     row['chunker'] = str(row['chunker'])
>>>     if not row['legacy'] and 'nchunks' in kw:
>>>         assert kw['nchunks'] == row['nchunks']
>>>     row.update(chunk_iter.__dict__)
>>>     rows.append(row)
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(rows)
>>> for _, subdf in df.groupby('chunker'):
>>>     print(subdf)

static noborder(items, chunksize)[source]¶

static cycle(items, chunksize)[source]¶

static replicate(items, chunksize)[source]¶

ubelt.cmd(command, shell=False, detach=False, verbose=0, tee=None, cwd=None, env=None, tee_backend='auto', check=False, system=False, timeout=None)[source]¶

Executes a command in a subprocess.

The advantage of this wrapper around subprocess is that (1) you control if the subprocess prints to stdout, (2) the text written to stdout and stderr is returned for parsing, (3) cross platform behavior that lets you specify the command as a string or tuple regardless of whether or not shell=True. (4) ability to detach, return the process object and allow the process to run in the background (eventually we may return a Future object instead).

Parameters

command (str | List[str]) – command string, tuple of executable and args, or shell command.
shell (bool, default=False) – if True, process is run in shell.
detach (bool, default=False) – if True, process is detached and run in background.
verbose (int, default=0) – verbosity mode. Can be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
tee (bool | None) – if True, simultaneously writes to stdout while capturing output from the command. If not specified, defaults to True if verbose > 0. If detach is True, then this argument is ignored.
cwd (str | PathLike | None) – Path to run command. Defaults to current working directory if unspecified.
env (Dict[str, str] | None) – environment passed to Popen
tee_backend (str, default=’auto’) – backend for tee output. Valid choices are: “auto”, “select” (POSIX only), and “thread”.
check (bool, default=False) – if True, check that the return code was zero before returning, otherwise raise a subprocess.CalledProcessError. Does nothing if detach is True.
system (bool, default=False) – if True, most other considerations are dropped, and os.system() is used to execute the command in a platform dependant way. Other arguments such as env, tee, timeout, and shell are all ignored. (new in version 1.1.0)
timeout (float | None) – If the process does not complete in timeout seconds, raises a subprocess.TimeoutExpired. (new in version 1.1.0) Currently unhandled when tee is True.
log (Callable | None) – If specified, verbose output is written using this function, otherwise the builtin print function is used.

Returns

info - information about command status. if detach is False info contains captured standard out, standard error, and the return code if detach is True info contains a reference to the process.

Return type

Raises

ValueError - on an invalid configuration –
subprocess.TimeoutExpired - if the timeout limit is exceeded –
subprocess.CalledProcessError - if check and the return value is non zero –

Note

When using the tee output, the stdout and stderr may be shuffled from what they would be on the command line.

Related Work:: https://github.com/pycontribs/subprocess-tee https://github.com/mortoray/shelljob https://github.com/netinvent/command_runner https://www.pyinvoke.org/prior-art.html

References

SO_11495783: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11495783/redirect-subprocess-stderr-to-stdout
SO_7729336: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7729336/how-can-i-print-and-display-subprocess-stdout-and-stderr-output-without-distorti
SO_33560364: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33560364/python-windows-parsing-command-lines-with-shlex

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_cmd cmd:6
python -c "import ubelt as ub; ub.cmd('ping localhost -c 2', verbose=2)"
pytest "$(python -c 'import ubelt; print(ubelt.util_cmd.__file__)')" -sv --xdoctest-verbose 2

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'simple cmdline interface'), verbose=1)
simple cmdline interface
>>> assert info['ret'] == 0
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'simple cmdline interface'
>>> assert info['err'].strip() == ''

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo str noshell', verbose=0)
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'str noshell'

Example

>>> # windows echo will output extra single quotes
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'tuple noshell'), verbose=0)
>>> assert info['out'].strip().strip("'") == 'tuple noshell'

Example

>>> # Note this command is formatted to work on win32 and unix
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo str&&echo shell', verbose=0, shell=True)
>>> assert info['out'].strip() == 'str' + chr(10) + 'shell'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd(('echo', 'tuple shell'), verbose=0, shell=True)
>>> assert info['out'].strip().strip("'") == 'tuple shell'

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo hi', check=True)
>>> import subprocess
>>> with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
>>>     ub.cmd('exit 1', check=True, shell=True)

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join, exists
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', 'test').ensuredir()
>>> fpath1 = (dpath / 'cmdout1.txt').delete()
>>> fpath2 = (dpath / 'cmdout2.txt').delete()
>>> # Start up two processes that run simultaneously in the background
>>> info1 = ub.cmd(('touch', str(fpath1)), detach=True)
>>> info2 = ub.cmd('echo writing2 > ' + str(fpath2), shell=True, detach=True)
>>> # Detached processes are running in the background
>>> # We can run other code while we wait for them.
>>> while not exists(fpath1):
...     pass
>>> while not exists(fpath2):
...     pass
>>> # communicate with the process before you finish
>>> # (otherwise you may leak a text wrapper)
>>> info1['proc'].communicate()
>>> info2['proc'].communicate()
>>> # Check that the process actually did finish
>>> assert (info1['proc'].wait()) == 0
>>> assert (info2['proc'].wait()) == 0
>>> # Check that the process did what we expect
>>> assert fpath1.read_text() == ''
>>> assert fpath2.read_text().strip() == 'writing2'

Example

>>> # Can also use ub.cmd to call os.system
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import subprocess
>>> info = ub.cmd('echo hi', check=True, system=True)
>>> with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
>>>     ub.cmd('exit 1', check=True, shell=True)

ubelt.codeblock(text)[source]¶

Create a block of text that preserves all newlines and relative indentation

Wraps multiline string blocks and returns unindented code. Useful for templated code defined in indented parts of code.

Parameters: text (str) – typically a multiline string
Returns: the unindented string
Return type: str

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Simulate an indented part of code
>>> if True:
>>>     # notice the indentation on this will be normal
>>>     codeblock_version = ub.codeblock(
...             '''
...             def foo():
...                 return 'bar'
...             '''
...         )
>>>     # notice the indentation and newlines on this will be odd
>>>     normal_version = ('''
...         def foo():
...             return 'bar'
...     ''')
>>> assert normal_version != codeblock_version
>>> print('Without codeblock')
>>> print(normal_version)
>>> print('With codeblock')
>>> print(codeblock_version)

ubelt.color_text(text, color)[source]¶

Colorizes text a single color using ansi tags.

Parameters

text (str) – text to colorize
color (str) – color code. different systems may have different colors. commonly available colors are: ‘red’, ‘brown’, ‘yellow’, ‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘black’, and ‘white’.

Returns

text - colorized text. If pygments is not installed plain text is returned.

Return type

ubelt.util_path.Path.delete()

Example

>>> text = 'raw text'
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> if ub.modname_to_modpath('pygments'):
>>>     # Colors text only if pygments is installed
>>>     ansi_text = ub.color_text(text, 'red')
>>>     prefix = '\x1b[31'
>>>     print('prefix = {!r}'.format(prefix))
>>>     print('ansi_text = {!r}'.format(ansi_text))
>>>     assert ansi_text.startswith(prefix)
>>>     assert ub.color_text(text, None) == 'raw text'
>>> else:
>>>     # Otherwise text passes through unchanged
>>>     assert ub.color_text(text, 'red') == 'raw text'
>>>     assert ub.color_text(text, None) == 'raw text'

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(module:pygments)
>>> import pygments.console
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> known_colors = pygments.console.codes.keys()
>>> for color in known_colors:
...     print(ub.color_text(color, color))

ubelt.compatible(config, func, start=0, keywords=True)[source]¶

Take the “compatible” subset of a dictionary that a function will accept as keyword arguments.

A common pattern is to track the configuration of a program in a single dictionary. Often there will be functions that only require subsets of this dictionary, and they will be written such that those items are passed via keyword arguments. The ubelt.compatible() utility makes it easier select only the relevant config variables. It does this by inspecting the signature of the function to determine what keyword arguments it accepts, and returns the dictionary intersection of the full config and the allowed keywords. The user can then call the function with the normal ** mechanism.

Parameters

config (Dict[str, Any]) – A dictionary that contains keyword arguments that might be passed to a function.
func (Callable) – A function or method to check the arguments of
start (int) – Only take args after this position. Set to 1 if calling with an unbound method to avoid the self argument. Defaults to 0.
keywords (bool | Iterable[str]) – If True (default), and **kwargs is in the signature, prevent any filtering of the config dictionary. If False, then ignore that **kwargs is in the signature and only return the subset of config that matches the explicit signature. Otherwise if specified as a non-string iterable of strings, assume these are the allowed keys that are compatible with the way kwargs is handled in the function.

Returns

A subset of config that only contains items compatible with the signature of func.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

Example

>>> # An example use case is to select a subset of of a config
>>> # that can be passed to some function as kwargs
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # Define a function with args that match some keys in a config.
>>> def func(a, e, f):
>>>     return a * e * f
>>> # Define a config that has a superset of items needed by the func
>>> config = {
...   'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 7,
...   'd': 11, 'e': 13, 'f': 17,
... }
>>> # Call the function only with keys that are compatible
>>> func(**ub.compatible(config, func))
442

Example

>>> # Test case with kwargs
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> def func(a, e, f, *args, **kwargs):
>>>     return a * e * f
>>> config = {
...   'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 7,
...   'd': 11, 'e': 13, 'f': 17,
... }
>>> func(**ub.compatible(config, func))
442
>>> print(sorted(ub.compatible(config, func)))
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> print(sorted(ub.compatible(config, func, keywords=False)))
['a', 'e', 'f']
>>> print(sorted(ub.compatible(config, func, keywords={'b'})))
['a', 'b', 'e', 'f']

ubelt.compress(items, flags)[source]¶

Selects from items where the corresponding value in flags is True.

Parameters

items (Iterable[Any]) – a sequence to select items from
flags (Iterable[bool]) – corresponding sequence of bools

Returns

a subset of masked items

Return type

Iterable[Any]

Notes

This function is based on numpy.compress(), but is pure Python and swaps the condition and array argument to be consistent with ubelt.take().

This is equivalent to itertools.compress().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> flags = [False, True, True, False, True]
>>> list(ub.compress(items, flags))
[2, 3, 5]

ubelt.ddict¶: alias of defaultdict

ubelt.delete(path, verbose=False)[source]¶

Removes a file or recursively removes a directory. If a path does not exist, then this is does nothing.

Parameters

path (str | PathLike) – file or directory to remove
verbose (bool) – if True prints what is being done

SeeAlso:

send2trash -: A cross-platform Python package for sending files to the trash instead of irreversibly deleting them.

Notes

This can call os.unlink(), os.rmdir(), or shutil.rmtree(), depending on what path references on the filesystem. (On windows may also call a custom ubelt._win32_links._win32_rmtree()).

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> base = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', 'delete_test').ensuredir()
>>> dpath1 = ub.ensuredir(join(base, 'dir'))
>>> ub.ensuredir(join(base, 'dir', 'subdir'))
>>> ub.touch(join(base, 'dir', 'to_remove1.txt'))
>>> fpath1 = join(base, 'dir', 'subdir', 'to_remove3.txt')
>>> fpath2 = join(base, 'dir', 'subdir', 'to_remove2.txt')
>>> ub.touch(fpath1)
>>> ub.touch(fpath2)
>>> assert all(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath1, fpath2)))
>>> ub.delete(fpath1)
>>> assert all(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath2)))
>>> assert not exists(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(dpath1)
>>> assert not any(map(exists, (dpath1, fpath1, fpath2)))

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import exists, join
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt', 'delete_test2').ensuredir()
>>> dpath1 = ub.ensuredir(join(dpath, 'dir'))
>>> fpath1 = ub.touch(join(dpath1, 'to_remove.txt'))
>>> assert exists(fpath1)
>>> ub.delete(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(fpath1)

ubelt.dict_diff(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.difference()

Constructs a dictionary that contains any of the keys in the first arg, which are not in any of the following args.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict[KT, VT] | Iterable[KT]]) – A sequence of dictionaries (or sets of keys). The first argument should always be a dictionary, but the subsequent arguments can just be sets of keys.
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict[KT, VT] | OrderedDict[KT, VT]

SeeAlso:: :UDict.difference() - object oriented version of this function

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.dict_diff({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'a'}, {'c'})
{'b': 1}
>>> ub.dict_diff(odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]), odict([('c', 3)]))
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])
>>> ub.dict_diff()
{}
>>> ub.dict_diff({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'c'})

ubelt.dict_hist(items, weights=None, ordered=False, labels=None)[source]¶

Builds a histogram of items, counting the number of time each item appears in the input.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – hashable items (usually containing duplicates)
weights (Iterable[float] | None, default=None) – Corresponding weights for each item, defaults to 1 if unspecified.
ordered (bool, default=False) – If True the result is ordered by frequency.
labels (Iterable[T] | None, default=None) – Expected labels. Allows this function to pre-initialize the histogram. If specified the frequency of each label is initialized to zero and items can only contain items specified in labels.

Returns

dictionary where the keys are unique elements from items, and the values are the number of times the item appears in items.

Return type

dict[T, int]

SeeAlso:: collections.Counter

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [1, 2, 39, 900, 1232, 900, 1232, 2, 2, 2, 900]
>>> hist = ub.dict_hist(items)
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 3, 1232: 2}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import pytest
>>> items = [1, 2, 39, 900, 1232, 900, 1232, 2, 2, 2, 900]
>>> hist1 = ub.dict_hist(items)
>>> hist2 = ub.dict_hist(items, ordered=True)
>>> with pytest.raises(KeyError):
>>>     hist3 = ub.dict_hist(items, labels=[])
>>> weights = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]
>>> hist4 = ub.dict_hist(items, weights=weights)
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist1, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 3, 1232: 2}
>>> print(ub.repr2(hist4, nl=0))
{1: 1, 2: 4, 39: 1, 900: 1, 1232: 0}

ubelt.dict_isect(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.intersection()

Constructs a dictionary that contains keys common between all inputs. The returned values will only belong to the first dictionary.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict[KT, VT] | Iterable[KT]]) – A sequence of dictionaries (or sets of keys). The first argument should always be a dictionary, but the subsequent arguments can just be sets of keys.
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict[KT, VT] | OrderedDict[KT, VT]

SeeAlso:: :UDict.intersection() - object oriented version of this function

Note

This function can be used as an alternative to dict_subset() where any key not in the dictionary is ignored. See the following example:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> ub.dict_isect({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, ['a', 'c', 'd'])
{'a': 1, 'c': 3}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.dict_isect({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 2})
{'b': 1}
>>> ub.dict_isect(odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]), odict([('c', 3)]))
OrderedDict()
>>> ub.dict_isect()
{}

ubelt.dict_subset(dict_, keys, default=NoParam, cls=<class 'collections.OrderedDict'>)[source]¶

Get a subset of a dictionary

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – superset dictionary
keys (Iterable[KT]) – keys to take from dict_
default (Optional[object] | NoParamType) – if specified uses default if keys are missing.
cls (Type[Dict], default=OrderedDict) – type of the returned dictionary.

Returns

subset dictionary

Return type

Dict[KT, VT]

SeeAlso:: dict_isect() - similar functionality, but ignores missing keys :UDict.subdict() - object oriented version of this function

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'K': 3, 'dcvs_clip_max': 0.2, 'p': 0.1}
>>> keys = ['K', 'dcvs_clip_max']
>>> subdict_ = ub.dict_subset(dict_, keys)
>>> print(ub.repr2(subdict_, nl=0))
{'K': 3, 'dcvs_clip_max': 0.2}

ubelt.dict_union(*args)[source]¶

Dictionary set extension for set.union

Combines items with from multiple dictionaries. For items with intersecting keys, dictionaries towards the end of the sequence are given precedence.

Parameters: *args (List[Dict]) – A sequence of dictionaries. Values are taken from the last
Returns: OrderedDict if the first argument is an OrderedDict, otherwise dict
Return type: Dict | OrderedDict

Notes

In Python 3.8+, the bitwise or operator “|” operator performs a similar operation, but as of 2022-06-01 there is still no public method for dictionary union (or any other dictionary set operator).

References

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38987/merge-two-dict

SeeAlso:: collections.ChainMap() - a standard python builtin data structure that provides a view that treats multiple dicts as a single dict. https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#chainmap-objects :UDict.union() - object oriented version of this function

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> result = ub.dict_union({'a': 1, 'b': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 2})
>>> assert result == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 2}
>>> ub.dict_union(
>>>     ub.odict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]),
>>>     ub.odict([('c', 3), ('d', 4)]))
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)])
>>> ub.dict_union()
{}

ubelt.download(url, fpath=None, dpath=None, fname=None, appname=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha512', chunksize=8192, filesize=None, verbose=1, timeout=NoParam, progkw=None)[source]¶

Downloads a url to a file on disk.

If unspecified the location and name of the file is chosen automatically. A hash_prefix can be specified to verify the integrity of the downloaded data. This function will download the data every time its called. For cached downloading see grabdata.

Parameters

url (str) – The url to download.
fpath (Optional[str | PathLike | io.BytesIO]) – The path to download to. Defaults to basename of url and ubelt’s application cache. If this is a io.BytesIO object then information is directly written to this object (note this prevents the use of temporary files).
dpath (Optional[PathLike]) – where to download the file. If unspecified appname is used to determine this. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
fname (Optional[str]) – What to name the downloaded file. Defaults to the url basename. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
appname (str | None) – set dpath to ub.get_app_cache_dir(appname or 'ubelt') if dpath and fpath are not given.
hash_prefix (None | str) – If specified, download will retry / error if the file hash does not match this value. Defaults to None.
hasher (str | Hasher) – If hash_prefix is specified, this indicates the hashing algorithm to apply to the file. Defaults to sha512.
chunksize (int) – Download chunksize in bytes. Default to 2 ** 13
filesize (int | None) – If known, the filesize in bytes. If unspecified, attempts to read that data from content headers.
verbose (int | bool) – Verbosity flag. Quiet is 0, higher is more verbose. Defaults to 1.
timeout (float | NoParamType) – Specify timeout in seconds for urllib.request.urlopen(). (if not specified, the global default timeout setting will be used) This only works for HTTP, HTTPS and FTP connections for blocking operations like the connection attempt.
progkw (Dict | NoParamType | None) – if specified provides extra arguments to the progress iterator. See ubelt.progiter.ProgIter for available options.

Returns

fpath - path to the downloaded file.

Return type

str | PathLike

Raises

URLError - if there is problem downloading the url –
RuntimeError - if the hash does not match the hash_prefix –

Note

Based largely on code in pytorch [TorchDL] with modifications influenced by other resources [Shichao_2012] [SO_15644964] [SO_16694907].

References

Shichao_2012: https://blog.shichao.io/2012/10/04/progress_speed_indicator_for_urlretrieve_in_python.html
SO_15644964: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15644964/python-progress-bar-and-downloads
SO_16694907: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16694907/how-to-download-large-file-in-python-with-requests-py
TorchDL: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/2787f1d8edbd4aadd4a8680d204341a1d7112e2d/torch/hub.py#L347

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> from ubelt.util_download import *  # NOQA
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = download(url)
>>> print(basename(fpath))
rqwaDag.png

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import io
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> file = io.BytesIO()
>>> fpath = ub.download(url, file)
>>> file.seek(0)
>>> data = file.read()
>>> assert ub.hash_data(data, hasher='sha1').startswith('f79ea24571')

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = download(url, hasher='sha1', hash_prefix='f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35')
Downloading url='http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png' to fpath=...rqwaDag.png
...
...1233/1233... rate=... Hz, eta=..., total=...

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import pytest
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> #fpath = download(url, hasher='sha1', hash_prefix='f79ea24571da6ddd2ba12e3d57b515249ecb8a35')
>>> # test download from girder
>>> #url = 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download'
>>> #ub.download(url, hasher='sha512', hash_prefix='c98a46cb31205cf')
>>> with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
>>>     ub.download(url, hasher='sha512', hash_prefix='BAD_HASH')

ubelt.dzip(items1, items2, cls=<class 'dict'>)[source]¶

Zips elementwise pairs between items1 and items2 into a dictionary.

Values from items2 can be broadcast onto items1.

Parameters

items1 (Iterable[KT]) – full sequence
items2 (Iterable[VT]) – can either be a sequence of one item or a sequence of equal length to items1
cls (Type[dict], default=dict) – dictionary type to use.

Returns

similar to dict(zip(items1, items2)).

Return type

Dict[KT, VT]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert ub.dzip([1, 2, 3], [4]) == {1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4}
>>> assert ub.dzip([1, 2, 3], [4, 4, 4]) == {1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4}
>>> assert ub.dzip([], [4]) == {}

ubelt.ensure_app_cache_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_cache_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Note

New applications should prefer ubelt.util_path.Path.appdir() i.e. ubelt.Path.appdir(appname, *args, type='cache').ensuredir().

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_cache_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_cache_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.ensure_app_config_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_config_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Note

New applications should prefer ubelt.util_path.Path.appdir() i.e. ubelt.Path.appdir(appname, *args, type='config').ensuredir().

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_config_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_config_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.ensure_app_data_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Calls get_app_data_dir() but ensures the directory exists.

Note

New applications should prefer ubelt.util_path.Path.appdir() i.e. ubelt.Path.appdir(appname, *args, type='data').ensuredir().

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: get_app_data_dir()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.ensure_app_data_dir('ubelt')
>>> assert exists(dpath)

ubelt.ensure_unicode(text)[source]¶

Casts bytes into utf8 (mostly for python2 compatibility)

Parameters: text (str | bytes) – text to ensure is decoded as unicode
Returns: str

References

[SO_12561063] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12561063/extract-data-from-file

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_str import *
>>> import codecs  # NOQA
>>> assert ensure_unicode('my ünicôdé strįng') == 'my ünicôdé strįng'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('text1') == 'text1'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('text1'.encode('utf8')) == 'text1'
>>> assert ensure_unicode('ï»¿text1'.encode('utf8')) == 'ï»¿text1'
>>> assert (codecs.BOM_UTF8 + 'text»¿'.encode('utf8')).decode('utf8')

ubelt.ensuredir(dpath, mode=1023, verbose=0, recreate=False)[source]¶

Ensures that directory will exist. Creates new dir with sticky bits by default

Parameters

dpath (str | PathLike | Tuple[str | PathLike]) – dir to ensure. Can also be a tuple to send to join
mode (int) – octal mode of directory
verbose (int) – verbosity
recreate (bool) – if True removes the directory and all of its contents and creates a fresh new directory. USE CAREFULLY.

Returns

path - the ensured directory

Return type

SeeAlso:: ubelt.Path.ensuredir()

Note

This function is not thread-safe in Python2

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> cache_dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt').ensuredir()
>>> dpath = join(cache_dpath, 'ensuredir')
>>> if exists(dpath):
...     os.rmdir(dpath)
>>> assert not exists(dpath)
>>> ub.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> assert exists(dpath)
>>> os.rmdir(dpath)

ubelt.expandpath(path)[source]¶

Shell-like environment variable and tilde path expansion.

Parameters: path (str | PathLike) – string representation of a path
Returns: expanded path
Return type: str

Example

>>> from ubelt.util_path import *  # NOQA
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert normpath(ub.expandpath('~/foo')) == join(ub.userhome(), 'foo')
>>> assert ub.expandpath('foo') == 'foo'

ubelt.find_duplicates(items, k=2, key=None)[source]¶

Find all duplicate items in a list.

Search for all items that appear more than k times and return a mapping from each (k)-duplicate item to the positions it appeared in.

Parameters

items (Iterable[T]) – hashable items possibly containing duplicates
k (int, default=2) – only return items that appear at least k times.
key (Callable[[T], Any] | None, default=None) – Returns indices where key(items[i]) maps to a particular value at least k times.

Returns

maps each duplicate item to the indices at which it appears

Return type

dict[T, List[int]]

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.duplicates_everseen(), more_itertools.duplicates_justseen().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 12, 2, 9]
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items)
>>> # Duplicates are a mapping from each item that occurs 2 or more
>>> # times to the indices at which they occur.
>>> assert duplicates == {0: [0, 1, 6], 2: [3, 8], 3: [4, 5]}
>>> # You can set k=3 if you want to don't mind duplicates but you
>>> # want to find triplicates or quadruplets etc.
>>> assert ub.find_duplicates(items, k=3) == {0: [0, 1, 6]}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 0, 12, 2, 9]
>>> # note: k can less then 2
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items, k=0)
>>> print(ub.repr2(duplicates, nl=0))
{0: [0, 1, 6], 1: [2], 2: [3, 8], 3: [4, 5], 9: [9], 12: [7]}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
>>> duplicates = ub.find_duplicates(items, key=lambda x: x // 2)
>>> print(ub.repr2(duplicates, nl=0))
{5: [0, 1], 6: [2, 3], 7: [4, 5]}

ubelt.find_exe(name, multi=False, path=None)[source]¶

Locate a command.

Search your local filesystem for an executable and return the first matching file with executable permission.

Parameters

name (str | PathLike) – globstr of matching filename
multi (bool, default=False) – if True return all matches instead of just the first.
path (str | PathLike | Iterable[str | PathLike] | None, default=None) – overrides the system PATH variable.

Returns

returns matching executable(s).

Return type

str | List[str] | None

SeeAlso:: shutil.which() - which is available in Python 3.3+.

Note

This is essentially the which UNIX command

References

SO_377017: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/377017/test-if-executable-exists-in-python/377028#377028
shutil_which: https://docs.python.org/dev/library/shutil.html#shutil.which

Example

>>> # The following are programs commonly exposed via the PATH variable.
>>> # Exact results may differ between machines.
>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(ub.find_exe('ls'))
>>> print(ub.find_exe('ping'))
>>> print(ub.find_exe('which'))
>>> print(ub.find_exe('which', multi=True))
>>> print(ub.find_exe('ping', multi=True))
>>> print(ub.find_exe('noexist', multi=True))
/usr/bin/ls
/usr/bin/ping
/usr/bin/which
['/usr/bin/which', '/bin/which']
['/usr/bin/ping', '/bin/ping']
[]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> assert not ub.find_exe('!noexist', multi=False)
>>> assert ub.find_exe('ping', multi=False) or ub.find_exe('ls', multi=False)
>>> assert not ub.find_exe('!noexist', multi=True)
>>> assert ub.find_exe('ping', multi=True) or ub.find_exe('ls', multi=True)

Benchmark

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import shutil
>>> from timerit import Timerit
>>> for timer in Timerit(1000, bestof=10, label='ub.find_exe'):
>>>     ub.find_exe('which')
>>> for timer in Timerit(1000, bestof=10, label='shutil.which'):
>>>     shutil.which('which')
Timed best=25.339 µs, mean=25.809 ± 0.3 µs for ub.find_exe
Timed best=28.600 µs, mean=28.986 ± 0.3 µs for shutil.which

ubelt.find_path(name, path=None, exact=False)[source]¶

Search for a file or directory on your local filesystem by name (file must be in a directory specified in a PATH environment variable)

Parameters

name (str | PathLike) – file name to match. If exact is False this may be a glob pattern
path (str | Iterable[str | PathLike] | None, default=None) – list of directories to search either specified as an os.pathsep separated string or a list of directories. Defaults to environment PATH.
exact (bool, default=False) – if True, only returns exact matches.

Yields

str – candidate - a path that matches name

Note

Running with name='' (i.e. ub.find_path('')) will simply yield all directories in your PATH.

Note

For recursive behavior set path=(d for d, _, _ in os.walk('.')), where ‘.’ might be replaced by the root directory of interest.

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(list(ub.find_path('ping', exact=True)))
>>> print(list(ub.find_path('bin')))
>>> print(list(ub.find_path('gcc*')))
>>> print(list(ub.find_path('cmake*')))
['/usr/bin/ping', '/bin/ping']
[]
[... '/usr/bin/gcc-11', '/usr/bin/gcc-ranlib', ...]
[... '/usr/bin/cmake-gui', '/usr/bin/cmake', ...]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import dirname
>>> path = dirname(dirname(ub.util_platform.__file__))
>>> res = sorted(ub.find_path('ubelt/util_*.py', path=path))
>>> assert len(res) >= 10
>>> res = sorted(ub.find_path('ubelt/util_platform.py', path=path, exact=True))
>>> print(res)
>>> assert len(res) == 1

ubelt.flatten(nested)[source]¶

Transforms a nested iterable into a flat iterable.

Parameters: nested (Iterable[Iterable[Any]]) – list of lists
Returns: flattened items
Return type: Iterable[Any]

Notes

Equivalent to more_itertools.flatten() and itertools.chain.from_iterable().

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> nested = [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
>>> list(ub.flatten(nested))
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

ubelt.get_app_cache_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application. This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Note

New applications should prefer ubelt.util_path.Path.appdir() i.e. ubelt.Path.appdir(appname, *args, type='cache').

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

the path to the ensured directory

Return type

Returns

dpath - writable cache directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_cache_dir()

ubelt.get_app_config_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application This should be used for persistent configuration files.

Note

New applications should prefer ubelt.util_path.Path.appdir() i.e. ubelt.Path.appdir(appname, *args, type='config').

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

dpath - writable config directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_config_dir()

ubelt.get_app_data_dir(appname, *args)[source]¶

Returns a writable directory for an application. This should be used for temporary deletable data.

Note

New applications should prefer ubelt.util_path.Path.appdir() i.e. ubelt.Path.appdir(appname, *args, type='data').

Parameters

appname (str) – the name of the application
*args – any other subdirectories may be specified

Returns

dpath - writable data directory for this application

Return type

SeeAlso:: ensure_app_data_dir()

ubelt.grabdata(url, fpath=None, dpath=None, fname=None, redo=False, verbose=1, appname=None, hash_prefix=None, hasher='sha512', expires=None, **download_kw)[source]¶

Downloads a file, caches it, and returns its local path.

If unspecified the location and name of the file is chosen automatically. A hash_prefix can be specified to verify the integrity of the downloaded data.

Parameters

url (str) – url of the file to download
fpath (Optional[str | PathLike]) – The full path to download the file to. If unspecified, the arguments dpath and fname are used to determine this.
dpath (Optional[str | PathLike]) – where to download the file. If unspecified appname is used to determine this. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
fname (Optional[str]) – What to name the downloaded file. Defaults to the url basename. Mutually exclusive with fpath.
redo (bool, default=False) – if True forces redownload of the file
verbose (int) – Verbosity flag. Quiet is 0, higher is more verbose. Defaults to 1.
appname (str | None) – set dpath to ub.get_app_cache_dir(appname or 'ubelt') if dpath and fpath are not given.
hash_prefix (None | str) – If specified, grabdata verifies that this matches the hash of the file, and then saves the hash in a adjacent file to certify that the download was successful. Defaults to None.
hasher (str | Hasher) – If hash_prefix is specified, this indicates the hashing algorithm to apply to the file. Defaults to sha512. NOTE: Only pass hasher as a string. Passing as an instance is deprecated and can cause unexpected results.
expires (str | int | datetime.datetime | None) – when the cache should expire and redownload or the number of seconds to wait before the cache should expire.
**download_kw – additional kwargs to pass to ubelt.util_download.download()

Returns

fpath - path to downloaded or cached file.

Return type

str | PathLike

CommandLine

xdoctest -m ubelt.util_download grabdata --network

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname='mario.png')
>>> result = basename(fpath)
>>> print(result)
mario.png

Example

>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(--network)
>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import json
>>> fname = 'foo.bar'
>>> url = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> prefix1 = '944389a39dfb8fa9'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1, verbose=3)
>>> stamp_fpath = ub.Path(fpath + '.stamp_sha512.json')
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix1)
>>> # Check that the download doesn't happen again
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> # todo: check file timestamps have not changed
>>> #
>>> # Check redo works with hash
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1, redo=True)
>>> # todo: check file timestamps have changed
>>> #
>>> # Check that a redownload occurs when the stamp is changed
>>> with open(stamp_fpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('corrupt-stamp')
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix1)
>>> #
>>> # Check that a redownload occurs when the stamp is removed
>>> ub.delete(stamp_fpath)
>>> with open(fpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('corrupt-data')
>>> assert not ub.hash_file(fpath, base='hex', hasher='sha512').startswith(prefix1)
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix1)
>>> assert ub.hash_file(fpath, base='hex', hasher='sha512').startswith(prefix1)
>>> #
>>> # Check that requesting new data causes redownload
>>> #url2 = 'https://data.kitware.com/api/v1/item/5b4039308d777f2e6225994c/download'
>>> #prefix2 = 'c98a46cb31205cf'  # hack SSL
>>> url2 = 'http://i.imgur.com/rqwaDag.png'
>>> prefix2 = '944389a39dfb8fa9'
>>> fpath = ub.grabdata(url2, fname=fname, hash_prefix=prefix2)
>>> assert json.loads(stamp_fpath.read_text())['hash'][0].startswith(prefix2)

ubelt.group_items(items, key)[source]¶

Groups a list of items by group id.

Parameters

items (Iterable[VT]) – a list of items to group
key (Iterable[KT] | Callable[[VT], KT]) – either a corresponding list of group-ids for each item or a function used to map each item to a group-id.

Returns

a mapping from each group id to the list of corresponding items

Return type

dict[KT, List[VT]]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items    = ['ham',     'jam',   'spam',     'eggs',    'cheese', 'banana']
>>> groupids = ['protein', 'fruit', 'protein',  'protein', 'dairy',  'fruit']
>>> id_to_items = ub.group_items(items, groupids)
>>> print(ub.repr2(id_to_items, nl=0))
{'dairy': ['cheese'], 'fruit': ['jam', 'banana'], 'protein': ['ham', 'spam', 'eggs']}

ubelt.hash_data(data, hasher=NoParam, base=NoParam, types=False, convert=False, extensions=None)[source]¶

Get a unique hash depending on the state of the data.

Parameters

data (object) – Any sort of loosely organized data
hasher (str | Hasher | NoParamType) – string code or a hash algorithm from hashlib. Valid hashing algorithms are defined by hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed (e.g. ‘sha1’, ‘sha512’, ‘md5’) as well as ‘xxh32’ and ‘xxh64’ if xxhash is installed. Defaults to ‘sha512’.
base (List[str] | str | NoParamType) – list of symbols or shorthand key. Valid keys are ‘abc’, ‘hex’, and ‘dec’. Defaults to ‘hex’
types (bool) – If True data types are included in the hash, otherwise only the raw data is hashed. Defaults to False.
convert (bool, default=True) – if True, try and convert the data to json an the json is hashed instead. This can improve runtime in some instances, however the hash may differ from the case where convert=False.
extensions (HashableExtensions | None) – a custom HashableExtensions instance that can overwrite or define how different types of objects are hashed.

Note

The types allowed are specified by the HashableExtensions object. By default ubelt will register:

OrderedDict, uuid.UUID, np.random.RandomState, np.int64, np.int32, np.int16, np.int8, np.uint64, np.uint32, np.uint16, np.uint8, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.float128, np.ndarray, bytes, str, int, float, long (in python2), list, tuple, set, and dict

Returns: text representing the hashed data
Return type: str

Note

The alphabet26 base is a pretty nice base, I recommend it. However we default to base='hex' because it is standard. You can try the alphabet26 base by setting base='abc'.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> print(ub.hash_data([1, 2, (3, '4')], convert=False))
60b758587f599663931057e6ebdf185a...
>>> print(ub.hash_data([1, 2, (3, '4')], base='abc',  hasher='sha512')[:32])
hsrgqvfiuxvvhcdnypivhhthmrolkzej

ubelt.hash_file(fpath, blocksize=1048576, stride=1, maxbytes=None, hasher=NoParam, base=NoParam)[source]¶

Hashes the data in a file on disk.

The results of this function agree with standard hashing programs (e.g. sha1sum, sha512sum, md5sum, etc…)

Parameters

fpath (PathLike) – location of the file to be hashed.
blocksize (int) – Amount of data to read and hash at a time. There is a trade off and the optimal number will depend on specific hardware. This number was chosen to be optimal on a developer system. See “dev/bench_hash_file” for methodology to choose this number for your use case. Defaults to 2 ** 20.
stride (int) – strides > 1 skip data to hash, useful for faster hashing, but less accurate, also makes hash dependent on blocksize. Defaults to 1.
maxbytes (int | None) – if specified, only hash the leading maxbytes of data in the file.
hasher (str | Hasher | NoParamType) – string code or a hash algorithm from hashlib. Valid hashing algorithms are defined by hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed (e.g. ‘sha1’, ‘sha512’, ‘md5’) as well as ‘xxh32’ and ‘xxh64’ if xxhash is installed. Defaults to ‘sha512’.
base (List[str] | int | str | NoParamType) – list of symbols or shorthand key. Valid keys are ‘abc’, ‘hex’, and ‘dec’, 10, 16, 26, 32. Defaults to ‘hex’.

References

SO_3431825: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3431825/md5-checksum-of-a-file
SO_5001893: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5001893/when-to-use-sha-1-vs-sha-2

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'tmp1.txt'
>>> fpath.write_text('foobar')
>>> print(ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex'))
8843d7f92416211de9ebb963ff4ce28125932878

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = dpath / 'tmp2.txt'
>>> # We have the ability to only hash at most ``maxbytes`` in a file
>>> fpath.write_text('abcdefghijklmnop')
>>> h0 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=11, blocksize=3)
>>> h1 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=3)
>>> h2 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=32)
>>> h3 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=1)
>>> h4 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=18)
>>> assert h1 == h2 == h3 == h4
>>> assert h1 != h0

>>> # Using a stride makes the result dependent on the blocksize
>>> h0 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=11, blocksize=3, stride=2)
>>> h1 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=3, stride=2)
>>> h2 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=32, blocksize=32, stride=2)
>>> h3 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=1, stride=2)
>>> h4 = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1', base='hex', maxbytes=16, blocksize=18, stride=2)
>>> assert h1 != h2 != h3
>>> assert h1 == h0
>>> assert h2 == h4

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> from os.path import join
>>> dpath = ub.Path.appdir('ubelt/tests/test-hash').ensuredir()
>>> fpath = ub.touch(join(dpath, 'empty_file'))
>>> # Test that the output is the same as sha1sum executable
>>> if ub.find_exe('sha1sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['sha1sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha1')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)
>>> # Do the same for sha512 sum and md5sum
>>> if ub.find_exe('sha512sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['sha512sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='sha512')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)
>>> if ub.find_exe('md5sum'):
>>>     want = ub.cmd(['md5sum', fpath], verbose=2)['out'].split(' ')[0]
>>>     got = ub.hash_file(fpath, hasher='md5')
>>>     print('want = {!r}'.format(want))
>>>     print('got = {!r}'.format(got))
>>>     assert want.endswith(got)

ubelt.highlight_code(text, lexer_name='python', **kwargs)[source]¶

Highlights a block of text using ANSI tags based on language syntax.

Parameters

text (str) – plain text to highlight
lexer_name (str) – name of language. eg: python, docker, c++
**kwargs – passed to pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name

Returns

text - highlighted text If pygments is not installed, the plain text is returned.

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> text = 'import ubelt as ub; print(ub)'
>>> new_text = ub.highlight_code(text)
>>> print(new_text)

ubelt.hzcat(args, sep='')[source]¶

Horizontally concatenates strings preserving indentation

Concatenates a list of objects ensuring that the next item in the list is all the way to the right of any previous items.

Parameters

args (List[str]) – strings to concatenate
sep (str, default=’’) – separator

Example1:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> B = ub.repr2([[1, 2], [3, 457]], nl=1, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> C = ub.repr2([[5, 6], [7, 8]], nl=1, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> args = ['A = ', B, ' * ', C]
>>> print(ub.hzcat(args))
A = [[1, 2],   * [[5, 6],
     [3, 457]]    [7, 8]]

Example2:

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> import unicodedata
>>> aa = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', 'á')  # a unicode char with len2
>>> B = ub.repr2([['θ', aa], [aa, aa, aa]], nl=1, si=True, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> C = ub.repr2([[5, 6], [7, 'θ']], nl=1, si=True, cbr=True, trailsep=False)
>>> args = ['A', '=', B, '*', C]
>>> print(ub.hzcat(args, sep='｜'))
A｜=｜[[θ, á],   ｜*｜[[5, 6],
 ｜ ｜ [á, á, á]]｜ ｜ [7, θ]]

ubelt.identity(arg=None, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Return the value of the first argument unchanged.

All other positional and keyword inputs are ignored. Defaults to None if called without any args.

The name identity is used in the mathematical sense [WikiIdentity]. This is slightly different than the pure identity function, which is defined strictly with a single argument. This implementation allows but ignores extra arguments, making it easier to use as a drop in replacement for functions that accept extra configuration arguments that change their behavior and aren’t true inputs.

The value of this utility is a cleaner way to write lambda x: x or more precisely lambda x=None, *a, **k: x or writing the function inline. Unlike the lambda variant, this does not trigger common linter errors when assigning it to a value.

Parameters

arg (Any | None, default=None) – The value to return unchanged.
*args – Ignored
**kwargs – Ignored

Returns

arg - The same value of the first positional argument.

Return type

Any

References

WikiIdentity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_function

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> ub.identity(42)
42
>>> ub.identity(42, 43)
42
>>> ub.identity()
None

ubelt.import_module_from_name(modname)[source]¶

Imports a module from its string name (i.e. __name__)

This is a simple wrapper around importlib.import_module(), but is provided as a companion function to import_module_from_path(), which contains functionality not provided in the Python standard library.

Parameters: modname (str) – module name
Returns: module
Return type: ModuleType

SeeAlso:: import_module_from_path()

Example

>>> # test with modules that won't be imported in normal circumstances
>>> # todo write a test where we guarantee this
>>> modname_list = [
>>>     'pickletools',
>>>     'lib2to3.fixes.fix_apply',
>>> ]
>>> #assert not any(m in sys.modules for m in modname_list)
>>> modules = [import_module_from_name(modname) for modname in modname_list]
>>> assert [m.__name__ for m in modules] == modname_list
>>> assert all(m in sys.modules for m in modname_list)

ubelt.import_module_from_path(modpath, index=-1)[source]¶

Imports a module via a filesystem path.

This works by modifying sys.path, importing the module name, and then attempting to undo the change to sys.path. This function may produce unexpected results in the case where the imported module itself itself modifies sys.path or if there is another conflicting module with the same name.

Parameters

modpath (str | PathLike) – Path to the module on disk or within a zipfile. Paths within a zipfile can be given by <path-to>.zip/<path-inside-zip>.py.
index (int) – Location at which we modify PYTHONPATH if necessary. If your module name does not conflict, the safest value is -1, However, if there is a conflict, then use an index of 0. The default may change to 0 in the future.

Returns

the imported module

Return type

ModuleType

References

SO_67631: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67631/import-module-given-path

Raises

IOError - when the path to the module does not exist –
ImportError - when the module is unable to be imported –

Note

If the module is part of a package, the package will be imported first. These modules may cause problems when reloading via IPython magic

This can import a module from within a zipfile. To do this modpath should specify the path to the zipfile and the path to the module within that zipfile separated by a colon or pathsep. E.g. “/path/to/archive.zip:mymodule.pl”

Warning

It is best to use this with paths that will not conflict with previously existing modules.

If the modpath conflicts with a previously existing module name. And the target module does imports of its own relative to this conflicting path. In this case, the module that was loaded first will win.

For example if you try to import ‘/foo/bar/pkg/mod.py’ from the folder structure:

- foo/
  +- bar/
     +- pkg/
        +  __init__.py
        |- mod.py
        |- helper.py

If there exists another module named pkg already in sys.modules and mod.py does something like from . import helper, Python will assume helper belongs to the pkg module already in sys.modules. This can cause a NameError or worse — a incorrect helper module.

SeeAlso:: import_module_from_name()

Example

>>> import xdoctest
>>> modpath = xdoctest.__file__
>>> module = import_module_from_path(modpath)
>>> assert module is xdoctest

Example

>>> # Test importing a module from within a zipfile
>>> import zipfile
>>> from xdoctest import utils
>>> from os.path import join, expanduser, normpath
>>> dpath = expanduser('~/.cache/xdoctest')
>>> dpath = utils.ensuredir(dpath)
>>> #dpath = utils.TempDir().ensure()
>>> # Write to an external module named bar
>>> external_modpath = join(dpath, 'bar.py')
>>> # For pypy support we have to write this using with
>>> with open(external_modpath, 'w') as file:
>>>     file.write('testvar = 1')
>>> internal = 'folder/bar.py'
>>> # Move the external bar module into a zipfile
>>> zippath = join(dpath, 'myzip.zip')
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile(zippath, 'w') as myzip:
>>>     myzip.write(external_modpath, internal)
>>> # Import the bar module from within the zipfile
>>> modpath = zippath + ':' + internal
>>> modpath = zippath + os.path.sep + internal
>>> module = import_module_from_path(modpath)
>>> assert normpath(module.__name__) == normpath('folder/bar')
>>> assert module.testvar == 1

Example

>>> import pytest
>>> with pytest.raises(IOError):
>>>     import_module_from_path('does-not-exist')
>>> with pytest.raises(IOError):
>>>     import_module_from_path('does-not-exist.zip/')

ubelt.indent(text, prefix=' ')[source]¶

Indents a block of text

Parameters

text (str) – text to indent
prefix (str, default = ‘ ‘) – prefix to add to each line

Returns

indented text

Return type

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> NL = chr(10)  # newline character
>>> text = 'Lorem ipsum' + NL + 'dolor sit amet'
>>> prefix = '    '
>>> result = ub.indent(text, prefix)
>>> assert all(t.startswith(prefix) for t in result.split(NL))

ubelt.indexable_allclose(items1, items2, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0, return_info=False)[source]¶

Walks through two nested data structures and ensures that everything is roughly the same.

Note

Deprecated. Instead use:: ub.IndexableWalker(items1).allclose(items2)

Parameters

items1 (dict | list | tuple) – a nested indexable item
items2 (dict | list | tuple) – a nested indexable item
rel_tol (float) – maximum difference for being considered “close”, relative to the magnitude of the input values
abs_tol (float) – maximum difference for being considered “close”, regardless of the magnitude of the input values
return_info (bool, default=False) – if true, return extra info

Returns

A boolean result if return_info is false, otherwise a tuple of the boolean result and an “info” dict containing detailed results indicating what matched and what did not.

Return type

bool | Tuple[bool, Dict]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> items1 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.222222, 1.333],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> items2 = {
>>>     'foo': [1.22222, 1.333],
>>>     'bar': 1,
>>>     'baz': [],
>>> }
>>> flag, return_info =  ub.indexable_allclose(items1, items2, return_info=True)
>>> print('return_info = {}'.format(ub.repr2(return_info, nl=1)))
>>> print('flag = {!r}'.format(flag))

ubelt.inject_method(self, func, name=None)[source]¶

Injects a function into an object instance as a bound method

The main use case of this function is for monkey patching. While monkey patching is sometimes necessary it should generally be avoided. Thus, we simply remind the developer that there might be a better way.

Parameters

self (T) – Instance to inject a function into.
func (Callable[…, Any]) – The function to inject (must contain an arg for self).
name (str | None, default=None) – Name of the method. optional. If not specified the name of the function is used.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> class Foo(object):
>>>     def bar(self):
>>>         return 'bar'
>>> def baz(self):
>>>     return 'baz'
>>> self = Foo()
>>> assert self.bar() == 'bar'
>>> assert not hasattr(self, 'baz')
>>> ub.inject_method(self, baz)
>>> assert not hasattr(Foo, 'baz'), 'should only change one instance'
>>> assert self.baz() == 'baz'
>>> ub.inject_method(self, baz, 'bar')
>>> assert self.bar() == 'baz'

ubelt.invert_dict(dict_, unique_vals=True, cls=None)[source]¶

Swaps the keys and values in a dictionary.

Parameters

dict_ (Dict[KT, VT]) – dictionary to invert
unique_vals (bool, default=True) – if False, the values of the new dictionary are sets of the original keys.
cls (type | None) – specifies the dict subclassof the result. if unspecified will be dict or OrderedDict. This behavior may change.

SeeAlso:: :UDict.invert() - object oriented version of this function

Returns: the inverted dictionary
Return type: Dict[VT, KT] | Dict[VT, Set[KT]]

Note

The must values be hashable.

If the original dictionary contains duplicate values, then only one of the corresponding keys will be returned and the others will be discarded. This can be prevented by setting unique_vals=False, causing the inverted keys to be returned in a set.

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_)
>>> assert inverted == {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = ub.odict([(2, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (0, 'c'), (None, 'd')])
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_)
>>> assert list(inverted.keys())[0] == 'a'

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> dict_ = {'a': 1, 'b': 0, 'c': 0, 'd': 0, 'f': 2}
>>> inverted = ub.invert_dict(dict_, unique_vals=False)
>>> assert inverted == {0: {'b', 'c', 'd'}, 1: {'a'}, 2: {'f'}}

ubelt.iter_window(iterable, size=2, step=1, wrap=False)[source]¶

Iterates through iterable with a window size. This is essentially a 1D sliding window.

Parameters

iterable (Iterable[T]) – an iterable sequence
size (int, default=2) – sliding window size
step (int, default=1) – sliding step size
wrap (bool, default=False) – wraparound flag

Returns

returns a possibly overlapping windows in a sequence

Return type

Iterable[T]

Notes

Similar to more_itertools.windowed(), Similar to more_itertools.pairwise(), Similar to more_itertools.triplewise(), Similar to more_itertools.sliding_window()

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 1, True
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = %r' % (window_list,))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6), (5, 6, 1), (6, 1, 2)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, True
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 1)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, False
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5)]

Example

>>> import ubelt as ub
>>> iterable = []
>>> size, step, wrap = 3, 2, False
>>> window_iter = ub.iter_window(iterable, size, step, wrap)
>>> window_list = list(window_iter)
>>> print('window_list = {!r}'.format(window_list))
window_list = []

ubelt.iterable(obj, strok=False)[source]¶

Checks if the input implements the iterator interface. An exception is made for strings, which return False unless strok is True

Parameters

obj (object) – a scalar or iterable input
strok (bool, default=False) – if True allow strings to be interpreted as iterable

Returns

True if the input is iterable

Return type